Unit 14 P1& P2

p1 & 2 Unit 14- Assignment 1 Physiological rowdyisms, their nature, signs and symptoms Unit 14- assignment 2 Diagnosis- how it is carried break by dint of Contents Coronary magnetic core ailment (CHD)2 Signs and symptoms2 Factors that earth-closet affect the development of the disorder3 How is CHD diagnosed? 3 Treatments4 Lifestyle changes that could be made4 What medication can be used? 5 What types of mathematical process ar used to treat CHD? 5 convalescent from CHD6 Crohns disorder7 Signs & symptoms7 Causes7 Complication that can occur8 Diagnosis8 Treatments8 Medication8 military operation9 Bibliography9 Coronary content disease (CHD) Blockage of the coronary thrombosis arteries by plaque may designer a disembodied spirit attack. Coronary feel disease (CHD) is a term used to describe what happens when the blood supply to the heart is block off or interrupted by a build up of fatty substances in the coronary arteries. CHD is a prevent competent disease that can be treated. over time the borders of the arteries can be total clogged up with fatty deposits. This is a process that is known as atherosclerosis. The fatty deposit is known as atheroma. Signs and symptomsThere are various symptoms of CHD palpitation of the heart, this is an unusual awareness of the heart beating, this is a common symptom. Palpitation of the heart is normally described as skip in a heartbeat, which is often a pause followed by a strong beat, or a period of rapid and ir lawful beats. Unusual breathlessness, this is where the person short looses their breath for some unknown reason. Angina is some new(prenominal) symptom of CHD. Angina is a pain that comes from the heart. This can be caused by a build up of fatty deposit or a collapsed arterial wall, resulting in the blood having difficulties to feed freely and quickly to the heart.The signs for angina pectoris are government agency pains, pins and needles down the go away arm, up to the neck, jaw ad into the ba ck. Pail climb, blue lips and nauseas are also some of the signs that can be recognised for angina. Heart attack is sensation of the intimately common of the number of heart develops. It occurs when there is a blockage in one of the coronary arteries that supple the heart muscles with oxygenated blood. If grapheme of the does not receive oxygenated blood, the heart muscles go away die or not function correctly, which lops the join of blood that is pumping around the body.The signs for a heart attack are very similar to angina provided occur without warning. Heart failure is another symptom of CHD, heart failure means that your heart is about to stop working. It happens when your heart is having trouble pumping adequate blood around the body. It usually strikes if the heart muscles induct become too weak to work correctly. CHD is a big killer, with 2. 6 million people alert with the condition in the UK. There are 1 in 5 men and 1 in 7 women suffering from coronary heart disease. The retrieves of get this disease increase as you get older.The reason for this is because the older you get the more fatty substances can build up in your coronary arteries. The disorder physically affects the bodys strategys when the blood supply to the heart is blocked or interrupted by a build-up of fatty substances in the coronary arteries. Over time the walls of the arteries can become clogged up with fatty deposits causing the heart to work harder and when exercising the symptoms entrust be lack of breathe change magnitude heart rate and increased pain in left arm. The first signs are face becomes red the body starts to sweat before becoming chilly and pail as the blood flow weakens.Factors that can affect the development of the disorder Coronary heart disease begins by the damage to the inner wall of a coronary artery. The damage can be caused by legion(predicate) things, some include smoking, a diet high in cholesterol and diabetes. sex activity can also a ffect the development of the disorder. Men are more comm besides at a greater peril of create CHD than women. Age is another big factor, as your age increases so does your chance of modify and narrowed arteries due to the core of Cholesterol deposited on the walls of the arteries.As you get older the more chance you have of getting the disease, this is because the older you are the weaker your coronary arteries get. High blood pressure can significantly speed up the process of hardening and deepening(a) of the arteries, narrowing the path through which blood can flow around the body. If there is a family history of heart disease, it is seen to be a higher risk that you will develop the disease. If your close relatives have developed heart disease, you are seen to be at a high risk of you developing CHD at a later stage in life. How is CHD diagnosed?You can diagnose Coronary heart disease by going through mevery procedures. A person may have to have an Electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram (Echo), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)scan, coronary angiography, radionuclide tests, x-rays, or blood tests. Heart An ECG records the rhythm and electrical activity in the heart. Lots of electrodes are placed on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrodes that are connected to the persevering are also connected to a machine to record each heart beat. Even if an affected reading is taken, it doesnt mean everything is ok.And a normal reading doesnt mean everything is ok. ECGs are not real on their own, m any more tests/ procedures have to talk place to correctly diagnose the patient with CHD. Echocardiograms Echocardiograms are similar to ultra go bad scans which are used during pregnancy. It uses sound waves to produce an image of the heart. An echocardiogram can find and work out the structure, thickness and the movement of the valves in the heart. During an Echo the patient is asked to take their top off and specify on a bed. A teensy piece of equipment, called a transducer, is moved over the chest.A gel that works as a lubricant is put onto your skin to assist the transducer to move along the skin effortlessly, this will make sure that contact is kept at all propagation with the skin. A coronary angiography provides development about the hearts blood pressure and functioning. This procedure can identify whether the coronary arteries are blocked or narrowing. A tube/camera is passed through an artery in the groin or arm it is guided using x-rays up to the heart. A coronary angiogram is a safe procedure, but there are some small side affect.You may feel a slightly strange sensation when the dye is put down the catheter, a small amount of bleeding when the catheter is removed, a bruise in your groin or arm. X-rays are used to guide tubes or cameras through the body. It is used to look at the heart, lungs, and chest walls. They can also be used to radiation diagram out any other conditions that might be causing the weaknesses. Blood tests such as cholesterol, cardiac enzyme and thyroid function testing are three blood tests that are used to diagnose a person with CHD.They are also used to rule out other conditions that may be similar to CHD symptoms. Radionuclide testing indicates how strongly the heart pumps and it shows the flow of blood in the heart. There is a small amount of radioactive substances are injected into the blood and a camera is placed over the chest which picks up radioactive signals. MRI scans produce detailed paradigms of the heart the picture is produced by the patient lying down on a bed like table and taken through a tunnel which scans the patients heart. TreatmentsCoronary heart disease is treated in a number of ways. The intensity of the treatment depends on the seriousness of the disease. For many people, CHD is managed with lifestyle changes and medication. Other with severe CHD many need to undergo surgery. When a person develops CHD, it requires lifelong focussing. Lifestyle changes tha t could be made Reducing the chances of developing CHD is within the individuals control. Their doctor can help reduce the chances by the use of drugs. The biggest reduction comes from the individual choice of changing their lifestyle.The lifestyle changes are the nigh important way of reducing the chances of developing CHD, or preventing the disease from getting worse. People should eat healthy and lower fat intake if they are going to reduce the risk. Participating in unfaltering exercise can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. It is recommended that you take part in at least 30 minutes of exercise 3-5 times week. Exercise lowers you blood pressure, also lowers bad cholesterol, and increases good cholesterol. Exercising strengthens the heart and increase the circulation of blood around the body.Smoking increases the risk of you developing CHD. As you inhale the baccy smoke it causes many instant reactions in the heart and blood vessels. You heart rate increases to as muc h as 30% in the first 10 minutes of smoking. Smoking increases blood pressure, blood vessels constrict (narrow), which makes the heart have to work harder to circulate oxygen around the body. Stopping smoking helps reduce the risk of developing CHD because after three years of not smoking, the risk of heart disease is the as a non-smoker. What medication can be used? similarly taking a low dosage of aspirin a day can reduce the risk of CHD will prevent blood clots but they wear outt really help the stomach, as they are bad for the stomach. Angiotensin- converting enzymes (ACE) inhibitors are what you would take to treat high blood pressure. They stop the progression of CHD and they block the internal secretion that causes the blood vessels to narrow and stop the heart working correctly. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists are used to lower the blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers, these are also used to lower blood pressure by relaxing the muscles that are in the walls of the arteries.Thiazide diuretics are used to reduce the amount of water in the blood. Beta blockers are used to prevent angina and treat high blood pressure. They slow down the heart, which will decrease the requirement for oxygen. This will meliorate the blood flow to the heart. Statins are the medication that lowers cholesterol levels. They slow down the process of CHD and they also reduce the likelihood of having a heart attack. Nitrates are also used to widen the blood vessels, they relax them, and this will let more blood pass through them. What types of surgery are used to treat CHD?Surgery may be recommended for patients who continue to have frequent angina attacks, even with the use of medications, or people who are found to have serious blockages in their coronary arteries. The patient has to be referred to the hospital by a doctor. The patient should not refer themselves to the hospital as this could be dangerous as it could cause stress and anxiety. Coronary angioplasty surg ery may be a procedure that could be planned for the patient, but this could also be an emergency procedure. A coronary angiogram will determine if the treatment is suitable for the patient.A coronary angioplasty is a procedure to open up any narrowed arteries so that blood can flow more easily to your heart. During the procedure, the doctor will inflate a small heave in the artery that is affected. The doctor may insert a stent to dungeon your artery. A coronary angioplasty is sometimes called balloon angioplasty. You may have a coronary angioplasty to treat angina or after you have had a heart attack. Coronary angioplasty Some people may have an angioplasty straight after an angiogram. An angiogram is a test that allows your doctor to take an X-ray of your coronary arteries and find any narrowed areas.In a coronary artery bypass operation, a blood vessel, usually taken from the leg or chest, is grafted onto the blocked artery, bypassing the blocked area. If more than one artery is blocked, a bypass can be done on each. This procedure will then mean the blood will be able to go around the obstruction to supply the heart with bounteous blood to relieve the chest pain that may be caused with the blocked artery. Bypass surgery relieves symptoms of CHD but does not cure it. Usually you will need to make a number of changes in your lifestyle after the operation.If your normal lifestyle includes smoking, a high-fat diet, or no exercise, changes are advised. Making the changes will reduce the chances of you getting CHD as bad as you did before you had the surgery. A heart transplant is only preformed when the heart is severely damaged and medication does not work or after heart failure. Heart transplant is surgery to remove the persons diseased heart and replaced with a healthy heart from a donor. Your doctor may recommend a heart transplant if your heart is so damaged or weak that it cant pump enough blood to meet your bodys needs.This condition is called heart failure. A heart transplant is a life saving procedure. Recovering from CHD If you have heart surgery, a extremity of the cardiac renewal team may visit you in hospital to give you information about your condition and how you can recover from the surgery that you have undertook. This care will usually continue after you have left hospital. For the couple of weeks after your surgery, a member of the cardiac rehabilitation team may visit you at home to check on your progress and see if you are recovering.What happens in cardiac rehabilitation programmes canvary throughout opposite areas, most cover exercise, education and relaxation and emotional support. Once the rehabilitation programme has been completed, it is important the patient continues with regular exercise and that they lead a healthy lifestyle. This will help to protect your heart and reduce the risk of further worrys with the heart. Crohns disease Crohns disease is a long term condition that cannot be cured. Crohns dis ease is a chronic inflammatory disease which causes stomach pains, diarrhoea, and can also lead to metric weight unit loss.Crohns disease affects the lower part of the small intestine, also known as the ileum. It also affects the large intestine, the colon. It can affect any part of the digestive system. The affected areas become red and swollen, sometimes causing ulcers on the affected areas. As the ulcers heal, the scar tissue makes the intestine narrow, due to this it leads to an obstruction in the digestive system. There is no cure for this disease, but the symptoms can be prevented. Signs symptoms There are many symptoms for Crohns disease, but they can vary depending on where the disease is located in the digestive system.Common symptoms of Crohns disease are abdominal pain, the pain is normally found in the lower right side, diarrhoea, loss of inclination this leads to weight loss, rectal bleeding, fever, nausea and vomiting, Skin lesions and joint pain. Causes There is no exact cause of Crohns disease and it is unknown what it is caused by, it is linked to a problem with the bodys immune system response. Normally the immune system helps protect the body, but with Crohns disease the immune system cant tell the difference surrounded by the normal body tissue and foreign bodies.The result of this is an overactive immune response that leads to chronic inflaming. People with Crohns disease never get rid of the inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Crohns disease may occur in any area of the digestive tract. The inflammation causes the inner wall to become thick. There are different types of Crohns disease, depending on the part of the digestive system that is affected. Crohns disease may infect the small intestine, the large intestine, the rectum, or the mouth.A persons genes and environmental factors are seen to play a agency in the development of Crohns disease. The body may react excessively to normal bacteria in the intestines. The disease m ay occur at any age, but it usually occurs in people between ages 15 35. There is a greater chance of you developing this disease if there is a family history of Crohns disease, you come from a smoking background or you smoke. Previous infections may trigger Crohns disease, as a past infection can trigger an abnormal response from the immune system. Complication that can occurCrohns disease can cause many different kinds of complications, such as, blockages or obstructions in the intestines are the most common complication that can occur. Malnutrition can also be a complication this is when a persons diet does not contain enough nutrients to meet the demands of their body. There is also an increased risk that Crohns disease suffers will develop colorectal cancer (bowel cancer). Diagnosis The patient has to go through many tests to be able to be diagnosed with Crohns disease. If one test was carried out, it wouldnt be reliable because other diseases or problems may arise when taking the test.Blood test can be carried out, this can show if there is any inflammation, infection and anaemia. Anaemia is a when a person has an iron deficiency, meaning if they have too much or too little iron in their blood. Stool sample, which can be assayd for blood, mucus and parasites, such as round worm. A colonoscopy is when Colonoscopy the doctor inserts a long, flexible tube called a colonoscope, into the anus and slowly guides it through the rectum and into the colon. The colonoscope inflates the large intestine with carbon dioxide gas this gives the doctor a better view.A small camera that is on the end of the colonoscope sends a video image from inside the large intestine to a computer screen this allows the doctor to carefully examine the intestines. Treatments Crohns disease is a condition that cannot be cured, but appropriate treatment can help control the inflammation and manage the symptoms. Diet and nutrition management can help patients control their symptoms and i mprove their nutritional levels. The patient can take many types of medication to resolve symptoms and prevent disease developing any thither.Some medications dont work for everyone with Crohns disease. Most patients with severe Crohns disease eventually need surgery when medications and diet and lifestyle changes no longer help. Medication The purpose of the medication that is positive(p) by the doctor is to reduce the inflammation that activates the signs and symptoms that occur. They are also to improve the patients long term life, by reducing and limiting the complications that could occur. The drugs that the patient could be given are Anti-inflammatory drugs these drugs are often what are given to the patient first.Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) this drug isnt always effective for treating Crohns disease. It may help to reduce the inflammation of Crohns disease that affects the colon. This medication has many side effects, including tiredness, vomiting, heartburn and headache. Mes alamine (Asacol, Rowasa) this medication is normally taken when the disease is affecting the large intestine, as it is ineffective for the disease that is effecting the small intestine. This medication has some side effects include tiredness, vomiting, heartburn, diarrhoea and headache. Corticosteroids can help reduce inflammation anywhere in your body.The doctor will not give the patient this medication if they dont have to as it has numerous side effects, including a puffy face, excessive facial hair, darkness sweats, sleeplessness and hyperactivity. Some more serious side effects include high blood pressure, diabetes and osteoporosis, which is also known as brittle bones, causing fractures in bones. If the medication is taken by younger people it can lead to underdeveloped growth. They only use this medication if the symptoms and the inflammation are moderate to severe. They will only use it none of the other medications respond. Corticosteroids are not for long-term use.But, th ey can be used for around three to four months. Immune system suppressors are drugs that also reduce inflammation they target the immune system rather than directly targeting and treating the inflamed area. This drug is sometimes used combined with other drugs such as a combination of Sulfasalazine and Mesalamine has been shown to work better than just taking the drugs alone. Surgery Surgical procedures include strictureplasty, resection, colectomy, and proctocolectomy. During a strictureplasty, the surgeon guides an inflated balloon attached to a catheter through the intestine.If the balloon encounters a restricted area, it may indicate there is a narrowing in the intestine. To open up the blocked area, a cut is made lengthwise along the intestine. The cut is then sewn up in the opposite direction, which has the overall effect of widening the embarrass area without removing any electric organs. If there is more than one obstructed area it may be treated during one surgery. Resect ion is where they take part of the infected organ away from the body. A colectomy is a procedure that sees the colon being removed from the body, either partially or fully.Proctocolectomy is the surgical removal of the rectum and all or part of the colon. Bibliography Website What is it for http//www. nhs. uk/Conditions/Coronary-heart-disease/Pages/Diagnosis. aspx Coronary heart disease Diagnosis http//www. nhs. uk/Conditions/Coronary-heart-disease/Pages/Symptoms. aspx Coronary heart disease Symptoms http//www. nhs. uk/NHSEngland/NSF/Pages/Coronaryheartdisease. aspx Coronary heart disease- treatments http//pennstatehershey. adam. com/content. aspx? productId=10pid=10gid=000103 Crohns disease