Medieval Weapons Essay -- European History

Medieval WeaponsMedieval society, in spite of its stereotypes, was not inherently much violent than modern society. Although there was no state in the modern sense, and therefore no set of laws that inherently took away the power of the average man or woman to make violence, the violence of the day was considered differently, and with out the inherent sense of criminality that accompanies it today. Our understanding of the weapons of the medieval world is skewed by the vast disarming of the the civilian that is taken for granted today, yet is a vastly different situation compared to what existed in many parts of the West as little as seven eld ago. Medieval weapons and armor are, for better or for worse, generally considered in light of the knight and the nobility. The nobility, fighting as heavy cavalry, had exerted a tremendous influence on the battlefield. In spite of the pressures brought to bear on the knight by the increased use of the longbow, crossbow, handgun, and pike, heavy cavalry continued to play an absolutely essential affair on the battlefield. The 14th-16th century saw great chanteys in weapons and armor, not because they evolved per se, but because they changed to maintain their effectiveness under deferent conditions, as John Clements puts in his watchword Medieval Swordsmanship after all, swards did not get sharper, stronger, or especially more effective after the middle Ages. They did not evolve as guns did to become more accurate, of l...

Eros and The Modern World Essay -- Greek Mythology

In the ancient world at that place were two different images that could be presented of the immortal eros. The firstborn was that of a young homo with wings and sound in his hands, illustrated by a statue that was created around 400 BCE by the sculpturer Praxiteles (Fig.1). Second is the depiction of a mischievous sister by an unknown sculptor from the first century BCE (Fig.2). This second depiction also had wings but once again the crouch was missing. If the god Eros is depicted as a child he is generally with Aphrodite his mother. Of these two depictions the nearly common in the modern world is the baby depiction. Even though the baby depiction is the most common, in roughly instances whoever is working with the depiction will choose to ingestion the young man. Since both depictions atomic number 18 still used in the modern world, there are really only two significant changes since antiquity. First is the idea that Eros is one outgrowth of a race of mythical c reatures. Second is the misconception that Eros is the god of love when he is really the god of sexual desire. Although Eros is commonly depicted in the modern world he is more frequently recognized by his Roman name Cupid. By using the name Cupid it becomes much easier to find depictions of the god Eros. For this assignment I have chosen to use three depictions from the modern world and one from the nineteenth century. Of these depictions, three come from video clips and one is a painting. All of these depictions encompass different aspects of the god. In some of these depictions he is the only cupid and in others he is just one of many. Another aspect these depictions cannot agree on is whether or not he is the young man or the baby. On top of both of these disagreements, one of the clips seems to contend that... ...ed Fig.6 MrPhanhonnhien. Charmedvn tap 18-The Torn Identity_ part2.avi. 19 July 2011. Youtube. Web. 20 contact 2012. Video http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmbbm1L9hls & have=relatedFig. 7 heatmaster20. Charmed-Forever Charmed Part 4. 19 January 2009. Youtube. Web. 20 March 2012. Video http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=_InMQ7LuXwg& take in=relatedFig.8 MrPhanhonnhien. Charmedvn tap 18-The Torn Identity_ part3.avi. 19 July 2011. Youtube. Web. 20 March 2012. Video http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=0UnTWByK5hc&feature=relatedFig. 9 BluTaiger. Pastoral unison 2/4 Centaur Courtship. 12 January 2010. Youtube. Web. 20 March 2012. Video http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=0BzfBwyjkYM&feature=relatedFig.10 ChrisTheGreek2007. Comedy of Arrows part 1. 7 March 2008. Youtube. Web. 20 March 2012. Video http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=830frPb6eaA&feature=related Eros and The Modern World Essay -- Greek MythologyIn the ancient world there were two different images that could be presented of the god Eros. The first was that of a young man with wings and rings in his hands, illustrated by a statue that was created around 400 BCE by the sculptor Praxiteles (Fig.1 ). Second is the depiction of a mischievous baby by an unknown sculptor from the first century BCE (Fig.2). This second depiction also had wings but once again the bow was missing. If the god Eros is depicted as a child he is generally with Aphrodite his mother. Of these two depictions the most common in the modern world is the baby depiction. Even though the baby depiction is the most common, in some instances whoever is working with the depiction will choose to use the young man. Since both depictions are still used in the modern world, there are really only two significant changes since antiquity. First is the idea that Eros is one member of a race of mythical creatures. Second is the misconception that Eros is the god of love when he is really the god of sexual desire. Although Eros is commonly depicted in the modern world he is more often recognized by his Roman name Cupid. By using the name Cupid it becomes much easier to find depictions of the god Eros. For this assign ment I have chosen to use three depictions from the modern world and one from the nineteenth century. Of these depictions, three come from video clips and one is a painting. All of these depictions encompass different aspects of the god. In some of these depictions he is the only cupid and in others he is just one of many. Another aspect these depictions cannot agree on is whether or not he is the young man or the baby. On top of both of these disagreements, one of the clips seems to contend that... ...ed Fig.6 MrPhanhonnhien. Charmedvn tap 18-The Torn Identity_ part2.avi. 19 July 2011. Youtube. Web. 20 March 2012. Video http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmbbm1L9hls&feature=relatedFig. 7 heatmaster20. Charmed-Forever Charmed Part 4. 19 January 2009. Youtube. Web. 20 March 2012. Video http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=_InMQ7LuXwg&feature=relatedFig.8 MrPhanhonnhien. Charmedvn tap 18-The Torn Identity_ part3.avi. 19 July 2011. Youtube. Web. 20 March 2012. Video http//www.youtube.com/watch?v =0UnTWByK5hc&feature=relatedFig. 9 BluTaiger. Pastoral Symphony 2/4 Centaur Courtship. 12 January 2010. Youtube. Web. 20 March 2012. Video http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=0BzfBwyjkYM&feature=relatedFig.10 ChrisTheGreek2007. Comedy of Arrows part 1. 7 March 2008. Youtube. Web. 20 March 2012. Video http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=830frPb6eaA&feature=related

The Color Purple :: essays research papers

In the book The Color Purple, by Alice Walker, Tashi is convinced that she doesnt deficiency to go to America because no one will like her. Tashi has her doubts but Adam convinces her to come. I am not here to analyze the motives of the characters decision to go/not go to America, rather I will evaluate the historical factuality of her fears of going to the US Her fears are very realistic for any African wo mankind coming to the states. She would give birth the same experience looking at modern magazines knowing how the public portrayal of woman is.In the 1930s just about white heap were very racist against Black people. People feared those that were different. They feared the tribal customs of Africans such as scarification marks, and saw them as savages. Tashis fear is that "...because of the scarification marks on her cheeks Americans would look checkmate on her as a savage and shun her." Tashis fear is perfectly valid for any African coming to America in the 1930s because some people would shun her. In the 30s Black women made themselves look whiter because black skinned black people were not popular. Dark people tried to look naked, and then Tashi feared that "Adam will be distracted by one of these naked looking women and desert her." With a bunch of naked women running around, any man would be distracted. She fears that he will leave her for a "more attractive" woman, but that is dependent on whether Adam really loves her. Any woman would have fears like that before marriage.Because of the Glitzy Glamour in todays magazines that solicit anorexic, pale women, she would have the same doubts and fears about coming the US. Her fears would be even more enhanced because most women in the 30s are unattractive compared to todays women. Modern magazines and old magazines are similar because both show women that are prettier that the standard women.

Frankenstein Essay -- English Literature Essays

FrankensteinI do not agree with the statement Students in the xx first century have little to learn from Frankenstein. bloody shame Shelleys novel demonstrates the type of language and intricate structure rarely found in novels today from which students in the twenty first century tidy sum learn much from. Mary Shelley puts forward timeless lessons of ones confrontation with ones self taking responsibility for your own actions, the consequence of being shunned from parliamentary procedure and the dangers of tampering with nature. The novel foreshadows our very real fears of the double-sided nature of scientific progress making it relevant today and proving the statement Students in the twenty first century have little to learn from Frankenstein. very wrong. Shelley puts forward the issue of ones confrontation with ones self ascribable to Victors power of creation entailing this. Victor symbolises modern man Victors is the predicament involving the moral and intellectual conflict between the set of self and the values of society Natural philosophy is the genius that has regulated my fate. (p87) Unfortunately, through Frankensteins arrogance he puts his personal interest above that of society and so is the cause of his own destruction. This is an important lesson for the youth of the twenty first century to learn. Shelley uses emotive language and an intricate structure from which students can learn to actualize a novel full of moral lessons. Shelleys language creates ...

Toni Morrisons Sula - The Fire Within Sula Essay -- Sula Essays

The Fire Within genus Sula Sula by Toni Morrison is a compelling novel about a unique, self-confident woman. As in many other books, each secondary character in the story serves as a vehicle to explain the of import character. Hannah, Sulas mother, is dominated by the atom of station she is free spirited, frivolous and child-like. On the other hand, the element of fire is prevalent in Sula, who is impulsive, hot-tempered and passionate. Despite the differences surrounded by the two, Hannahs lifestyle intrigues and influences her daughter. The effect Hannah has on Sula is reflected in many of her daughters perspectives and actions. As a result of the ubiquitous presence of fire within her, in lineage to her mothers blithe spirit, Sula carries either of Hannahs immorality and actions to a more extreme level. Both women have promiscuous tendencies, do not have close friendships with women, and get going easily irritated by Eva. The difference is that Sulas fiery character leads her to act more cruelly than her mother. Hannahs attitude towards men is peculiar, for she feels no possessiveness towards them, and enjoys having multiple lovers. The presence of air in Hannah is evident from her transaction with the opposite sex. Her flirting was, low and guileless...the smile-eyes, the turn of the head-all so welcoming, light and playful. (42). Hannahs sweet, guileless flirting presents her as an innocent woman, and her playful elan demonstrates her child-like ways. Her amiability and charisma ar evident because ...Hannah rubbed no edges, made no demands, made the man feel as though he were complete and rattling(prenominal) just as he was...he (the man) swooned in the Hannah-light simply because he was. (43). Hannah is len... ...feeling no obligation to please anybody unless their pleasure pleased her. (118). Sula is stronger than Hannah, and makes no attempts to conciliate the societys opinions towards herself. She follows her carnal instincts, and lacks the sense of responsibility. Although Sula and Hannah ar both shunned by society, Sula is even more of a pariah than her mother. While the people of the Bottom consider Hannah to be sooty, (29), they decide that Sula is the devil. The wild hostility people feel about Sula directly relates to her impulsive, vengeful and hot-tempered character. Sulas life is a fun can mirror image of Hannahs-quite similar, notwithstanding bent into a slightly different shape and tainted with malice.Works CitedMorrison, Toni. Sula. New York Knopf, 1974. Toni Morrisons Sula - The Fire Within Sula Essay -- Sula EssaysThe Fire Within Sula Sula by Toni Morrison is a compelling novel about a unique, self-confident woman. As in many other books, each secondary character in the story serves as a vehicle to explain the main character. Hannah, Sulas mother, is dominated by the element of air she is free spirited, frivolous and child-like. On the other hand, the element of fire is prevalent in Sula, who is impulsive, hot-tempered and passionate. Despite the differences between the two, Hannahs lifestyle intrigues and influences her daughter. The effect Hannah has on Sula is reflected in many of her daughters perspectives and actions. As a result of the ubiquitous presence of fire within her, in contrast to her mothers blithe spirit, Sula carries all of Hannahs immorality and actions to a more extreme level. Both women have promiscuous tendencies, do not have close friendships with women, and become easily irritated by Eva. The difference is that Sulas fiery character leads her to act more cruelly than her mother. Hannahs attitude towards men is peculiar, for she feels no possessiveness towards them, and enjoys having multiple lovers. The presence of air in Hannah is evident from her relations with the opposite sex. Her flirting was, low and guileless...the smile-eyes, the turn of the head-all so welcoming, light and playful. (42). Hannahs sweet, guileless flirting pr esents her as an innocent woman, and her playful manner demonstrates her child-like ways. Her amiability and charisma are evident because ...Hannah rubbed no edges, made no demands, made the man feel as though he were complete and wonderful just as he was...he (the man) swooned in the Hannah-light simply because he was. (43). Hannah is len... ...feeling no obligation to please anybody unless their pleasure pleased her. (118). Sula is stronger than Hannah, and makes no attempts to conciliate the societys opinions towards herself. She follows her animal instincts, and lacks the sense of responsibility. Although Sula and Hannah are both shunned by society, Sula is even more of a pariah than her mother. While the people of the Bottom consider Hannah to be sooty, (29), they decide that Sula is the devil. The intense hostility people feel about Sula directly relates to her impulsive, vengeful and hot-tempered character. Sulas life is a fun house mirror image of Hannahs-quite similar, bu t bent into a slightly different shape and tainted with malice.Works CitedMorrison, Toni. Sula. New York Knopf, 1974.

Toni Morrisons Sula - The Fire Within Sula Essay -- Sula Essays

The Fire Within genus genus genus genus Sula Sula by Toni Morrison is a compelling novel about a unique, self-confident woman. As in many other(a) books, each secondary character in the story serves as a vehicle to explain the main character. Hannah, Sulas mother, is dominated by the element of air she is set down spirited, frivolous and child-like. On the other hand, the element of fire is prevalent in Sula, who is impulsive, hot-tempered and passionate. Despite the differences between the two, Hannahs lifestyle intrigues and influences her daughter. The consummation Hannah has on Sula is reflected in many of her daughters perspectives and actions. As a result of the ubiquitous presence of fire within her, in contrast to her mothers blithe spirit, Sula carries all of Hannahs immorality and actions to a more extreme level. Both women have promiscuous tendencies, do not have close friendships with women, and become easily wet by Eva. The difference is that Sulas flaming characte r leads her to act more cruelly than her mother. Hannahs attitude towards men is peculiar, for she feels no possessiveness towards them, and enjoys having multiple lovers. The presence of air in Hannah is sheer from her relations with the opposite sex. Her romance was, low and guileless...the smile-eyes, the turn of the head-all so welcoming, light and playful. (42). Hannahs sweet, guileless flirting presents her as an innocent woman, and her playful manner demonstrates her child-like ways. Her amiability and charisma are evident because ...Hannah rubbed no edges, made no demands, made the man feel as though he were complete and wonderful just as he was...he (the man) swooned in the Hannah-light scarcely because he was. (43). Hannah is len... ...feeling no obligation to please anybody unless their pleasure pleased her. (118). Sula is stronger than Hannah, and makes no attempts to conciliate the societys opinions towards herself. She follows her animal instincts, and lacks the sense of responsibility. Although Sula and Hannah are both shunned by society, Sula is even more of a pariah than her mother. While the raft of the Bottom consider Hannah to be sooty, (29), they decide that Sula is the devil. The intense hostility people feel about Sula directly relates to her impulsive, vengeful and hot-tempered character. Sulas life is a fun house mirror go for of Hannahs-quite similar, but bent into a slightly different shape and tainted with malice.Works CitedMorrison, Toni. Sula. New York Knopf, 1974. Toni Morrisons Sula - The Fire Within Sula Essay -- Sula EssaysThe Fire Within Sula Sula by Toni Morrison is a compelling novel about a unique, self-confident woman. As in many other books, each secondary character in the story serves as a vehicle to explain the main character. Hannah, Sulas mother, is dominated by the element of air she is free spirited, frivolous and child-like. On the other hand, the element of fire is prevalent in Sula, who is impulsive, hot-tempered and passionate. Despite the differences between the two, Hannahs lifestyle intrigues and influences her daughter. The effect Hannah has on Sula is reflected in many of her daughters perspectives and actions. As a result of the ubiquitous presence of fire within her, in contrast to her mothers blithe spirit, Sula carries all of Hannahs immorality and actions to a more extreme level. Both women have promiscuous tendencies, do not have close friendships with women, and become easily irritated by Eva. The difference is that Sulas fiery character leads her to act more cruelly than her mother. Hannahs attitude towards men is peculiar, for she feels no possessiveness towards them, and enjoys having multiple lovers. The presence of air in Hannah is evident from her relations with the opposite sex. Her flirting was, low and guileless...the smile-eyes, the turn of the head-all so welcoming, light and playful. (42). Hannahs sweet, guileless flirting presents her as an innocent woman, and her playful manner demonstrates her child-like ways. Her amiability and charisma are evident because ...Hannah rubbed no edges, made no demands, made the man feel as though he were complete and wonderful just as he was...he (the man) swooned in the Hannah-light simply because he was. (43). Hannah is len... ...feeling no obligation to please anybody unless their pleasure pleased her. (118). Sula is stronger than Hannah, and makes no attempts to conciliate the societys opinions towards herself. She follows her animal instincts, and lacks the sense of responsibility. Although Sula and Hannah are both shunned by society, Sula is even more of a pariah than her mother. While the people of the Bottom consider Hannah to be sooty, (29), they decide that Sula is the devil. The intense hostility people feel about Sula directly relates to her impulsive, vengeful and hot-tempered character. Sulas life is a fun house mirror image of Hannahs-quite similar, but bent into a slightly different shape and tainted with malice.Works CitedMorrison, Toni. Sula. New York Knopf, 1974.

Unit 14 P1& P2

p1 & 2 Unit 14- Assignment 1 Physiological rowdyisms, their nature, signs and symptoms Unit 14- assignment 2 Diagnosis- how it is carried break by dint of Contents Coronary magnetic core ailment (CHD)2 Signs and symptoms2 Factors that earth-closet affect the development of the disorder3 How is CHD diagnosed? 3 Treatments4 Lifestyle changes that could be made4 What medication can be used? 5 What types of mathematical process ar used to treat CHD? 5 convalescent from CHD6 Crohns disorder7 Signs & symptoms7 Causes7 Complication that can occur8 Diagnosis8 Treatments8 Medication8 military operation9 Bibliography9 Coronary content disease (CHD) Blockage of the coronary thrombosis arteries by plaque may designer a disembodied spirit attack. Coronary feel disease (CHD) is a term used to describe what happens when the blood supply to the heart is block off or interrupted by a build up of fatty substances in the coronary arteries. CHD is a prevent competent disease that can be treated. over time the borders of the arteries can be total clogged up with fatty deposits. This is a process that is known as atherosclerosis. The fatty deposit is known as atheroma. Signs and symptomsThere are various symptoms of CHD palpitation of the heart, this is an unusual awareness of the heart beating, this is a common symptom. Palpitation of the heart is normally described as skip in a heartbeat, which is often a pause followed by a strong beat, or a period of rapid and ir lawful beats. Unusual breathlessness, this is where the person short looses their breath for some unknown reason. Angina is some new(prenominal) symptom of CHD. Angina is a pain that comes from the heart. This can be caused by a build up of fatty deposit or a collapsed arterial wall, resulting in the blood having difficulties to feed freely and quickly to the heart.The signs for angina pectoris are government agency pains, pins and needles down the go away arm, up to the neck, jaw ad into the ba ck. Pail climb, blue lips and nauseas are also some of the signs that can be recognised for angina. Heart attack is sensation of the intimately common of the number of heart develops. It occurs when there is a blockage in one of the coronary arteries that supple the heart muscles with oxygenated blood. If grapheme of the does not receive oxygenated blood, the heart muscles go away die or not function correctly, which lops the join of blood that is pumping around the body.The signs for a heart attack are very similar to angina provided occur without warning. Heart failure is another symptom of CHD, heart failure means that your heart is about to stop working. It happens when your heart is having trouble pumping adequate blood around the body. It usually strikes if the heart muscles induct become too weak to work correctly. CHD is a big killer, with 2. 6 million people alert with the condition in the UK. There are 1 in 5 men and 1 in 7 women suffering from coronary heart disease. The retrieves of get this disease increase as you get older.The reason for this is because the older you get the more fatty substances can build up in your coronary arteries. The disorder physically affects the bodys strategys when the blood supply to the heart is blocked or interrupted by a build-up of fatty substances in the coronary arteries. Over time the walls of the arteries can become clogged up with fatty deposits causing the heart to work harder and when exercising the symptoms entrust be lack of breathe change magnitude heart rate and increased pain in left arm. The first signs are face becomes red the body starts to sweat before becoming chilly and pail as the blood flow weakens.Factors that can affect the development of the disorder Coronary heart disease begins by the damage to the inner wall of a coronary artery. The damage can be caused by legion(predicate) things, some include smoking, a diet high in cholesterol and diabetes. sex activity can also a ffect the development of the disorder. Men are more comm besides at a greater peril of create CHD than women. Age is another big factor, as your age increases so does your chance of modify and narrowed arteries due to the core of Cholesterol deposited on the walls of the arteries.As you get older the more chance you have of getting the disease, this is because the older you are the weaker your coronary arteries get. High blood pressure can significantly speed up the process of hardening and deepening(a) of the arteries, narrowing the path through which blood can flow around the body. If there is a family history of heart disease, it is seen to be a higher risk that you will develop the disease. If your close relatives have developed heart disease, you are seen to be at a high risk of you developing CHD at a later stage in life. How is CHD diagnosed?You can diagnose Coronary heart disease by going through mevery procedures. A person may have to have an Electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram (Echo), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)scan, coronary angiography, radionuclide tests, x-rays, or blood tests. Heart An ECG records the rhythm and electrical activity in the heart. Lots of electrodes are placed on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrodes that are connected to the persevering are also connected to a machine to record each heart beat. Even if an affected reading is taken, it doesnt mean everything is ok.And a normal reading doesnt mean everything is ok. ECGs are not real on their own, m any more tests/ procedures have to talk place to correctly diagnose the patient with CHD. Echocardiograms Echocardiograms are similar to ultra go bad scans which are used during pregnancy. It uses sound waves to produce an image of the heart. An echocardiogram can find and work out the structure, thickness and the movement of the valves in the heart. During an Echo the patient is asked to take their top off and specify on a bed. A teensy piece of equipment, called a transducer, is moved over the chest.A gel that works as a lubricant is put onto your skin to assist the transducer to move along the skin effortlessly, this will make sure that contact is kept at all propagation with the skin. A coronary angiography provides development about the hearts blood pressure and functioning. This procedure can identify whether the coronary arteries are blocked or narrowing. A tube/camera is passed through an artery in the groin or arm it is guided using x-rays up to the heart. A coronary angiogram is a safe procedure, but there are some small side affect.You may feel a slightly strange sensation when the dye is put down the catheter, a small amount of bleeding when the catheter is removed, a bruise in your groin or arm. X-rays are used to guide tubes or cameras through the body. It is used to look at the heart, lungs, and chest walls. They can also be used to radiation diagram out any other conditions that might be causing the weaknesses. Blood tests such as cholesterol, cardiac enzyme and thyroid function testing are three blood tests that are used to diagnose a person with CHD.They are also used to rule out other conditions that may be similar to CHD symptoms. Radionuclide testing indicates how strongly the heart pumps and it shows the flow of blood in the heart. There is a small amount of radioactive substances are injected into the blood and a camera is placed over the chest which picks up radioactive signals. MRI scans produce detailed paradigms of the heart the picture is produced by the patient lying down on a bed like table and taken through a tunnel which scans the patients heart. TreatmentsCoronary heart disease is treated in a number of ways. The intensity of the treatment depends on the seriousness of the disease. For many people, CHD is managed with lifestyle changes and medication. Other with severe CHD many need to undergo surgery. When a person develops CHD, it requires lifelong focussing. Lifestyle changes tha t could be made Reducing the chances of developing CHD is within the individuals control. Their doctor can help reduce the chances by the use of drugs. The biggest reduction comes from the individual choice of changing their lifestyle.The lifestyle changes are the nigh important way of reducing the chances of developing CHD, or preventing the disease from getting worse. People should eat healthy and lower fat intake if they are going to reduce the risk. Participating in unfaltering exercise can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. It is recommended that you take part in at least 30 minutes of exercise 3-5 times week. Exercise lowers you blood pressure, also lowers bad cholesterol, and increases good cholesterol. Exercising strengthens the heart and increase the circulation of blood around the body.Smoking increases the risk of you developing CHD. As you inhale the baccy smoke it causes many instant reactions in the heart and blood vessels. You heart rate increases to as muc h as 30% in the first 10 minutes of smoking. Smoking increases blood pressure, blood vessels constrict (narrow), which makes the heart have to work harder to circulate oxygen around the body. Stopping smoking helps reduce the risk of developing CHD because after three years of not smoking, the risk of heart disease is the as a non-smoker. What medication can be used? similarly taking a low dosage of aspirin a day can reduce the risk of CHD will prevent blood clots but they wear outt really help the stomach, as they are bad for the stomach. Angiotensin- converting enzymes (ACE) inhibitors are what you would take to treat high blood pressure. They stop the progression of CHD and they block the internal secretion that causes the blood vessels to narrow and stop the heart working correctly. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists are used to lower the blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers, these are also used to lower blood pressure by relaxing the muscles that are in the walls of the arteries.Thiazide diuretics are used to reduce the amount of water in the blood. Beta blockers are used to prevent angina and treat high blood pressure. They slow down the heart, which will decrease the requirement for oxygen. This will meliorate the blood flow to the heart. Statins are the medication that lowers cholesterol levels. They slow down the process of CHD and they also reduce the likelihood of having a heart attack. Nitrates are also used to widen the blood vessels, they relax them, and this will let more blood pass through them. What types of surgery are used to treat CHD?Surgery may be recommended for patients who continue to have frequent angina attacks, even with the use of medications, or people who are found to have serious blockages in their coronary arteries. The patient has to be referred to the hospital by a doctor. The patient should not refer themselves to the hospital as this could be dangerous as it could cause stress and anxiety. Coronary angioplasty surg ery may be a procedure that could be planned for the patient, but this could also be an emergency procedure. A coronary angiogram will determine if the treatment is suitable for the patient.A coronary angioplasty is a procedure to open up any narrowed arteries so that blood can flow more easily to your heart. During the procedure, the doctor will inflate a small heave in the artery that is affected. The doctor may insert a stent to dungeon your artery. A coronary angioplasty is sometimes called balloon angioplasty. You may have a coronary angioplasty to treat angina or after you have had a heart attack. Coronary angioplasty Some people may have an angioplasty straight after an angiogram. An angiogram is a test that allows your doctor to take an X-ray of your coronary arteries and find any narrowed areas.In a coronary artery bypass operation, a blood vessel, usually taken from the leg or chest, is grafted onto the blocked artery, bypassing the blocked area. If more than one artery is blocked, a bypass can be done on each. This procedure will then mean the blood will be able to go around the obstruction to supply the heart with bounteous blood to relieve the chest pain that may be caused with the blocked artery. Bypass surgery relieves symptoms of CHD but does not cure it. Usually you will need to make a number of changes in your lifestyle after the operation.If your normal lifestyle includes smoking, a high-fat diet, or no exercise, changes are advised. Making the changes will reduce the chances of you getting CHD as bad as you did before you had the surgery. A heart transplant is only preformed when the heart is severely damaged and medication does not work or after heart failure. Heart transplant is surgery to remove the persons diseased heart and replaced with a healthy heart from a donor. Your doctor may recommend a heart transplant if your heart is so damaged or weak that it cant pump enough blood to meet your bodys needs.This condition is called heart failure. A heart transplant is a life saving procedure. Recovering from CHD If you have heart surgery, a extremity of the cardiac renewal team may visit you in hospital to give you information about your condition and how you can recover from the surgery that you have undertook. This care will usually continue after you have left hospital. For the couple of weeks after your surgery, a member of the cardiac rehabilitation team may visit you at home to check on your progress and see if you are recovering.What happens in cardiac rehabilitation programmes canvary throughout opposite areas, most cover exercise, education and relaxation and emotional support. Once the rehabilitation programme has been completed, it is important the patient continues with regular exercise and that they lead a healthy lifestyle. This will help to protect your heart and reduce the risk of further worrys with the heart. Crohns disease Crohns disease is a long term condition that cannot be cured. Crohns dis ease is a chronic inflammatory disease which causes stomach pains, diarrhoea, and can also lead to metric weight unit loss.Crohns disease affects the lower part of the small intestine, also known as the ileum. It also affects the large intestine, the colon. It can affect any part of the digestive system. The affected areas become red and swollen, sometimes causing ulcers on the affected areas. As the ulcers heal, the scar tissue makes the intestine narrow, due to this it leads to an obstruction in the digestive system. There is no cure for this disease, but the symptoms can be prevented. Signs symptoms There are many symptoms for Crohns disease, but they can vary depending on where the disease is located in the digestive system.Common symptoms of Crohns disease are abdominal pain, the pain is normally found in the lower right side, diarrhoea, loss of inclination this leads to weight loss, rectal bleeding, fever, nausea and vomiting, Skin lesions and joint pain. Causes There is no exact cause of Crohns disease and it is unknown what it is caused by, it is linked to a problem with the bodys immune system response. Normally the immune system helps protect the body, but with Crohns disease the immune system cant tell the difference surrounded by the normal body tissue and foreign bodies.The result of this is an overactive immune response that leads to chronic inflaming. People with Crohns disease never get rid of the inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Crohns disease may occur in any area of the digestive tract. The inflammation causes the inner wall to become thick. There are different types of Crohns disease, depending on the part of the digestive system that is affected. Crohns disease may infect the small intestine, the large intestine, the rectum, or the mouth.A persons genes and environmental factors are seen to play a agency in the development of Crohns disease. The body may react excessively to normal bacteria in the intestines. The disease m ay occur at any age, but it usually occurs in people between ages 15 35. There is a greater chance of you developing this disease if there is a family history of Crohns disease, you come from a smoking background or you smoke. Previous infections may trigger Crohns disease, as a past infection can trigger an abnormal response from the immune system. Complication that can occurCrohns disease can cause many different kinds of complications, such as, blockages or obstructions in the intestines are the most common complication that can occur. Malnutrition can also be a complication this is when a persons diet does not contain enough nutrients to meet the demands of their body. There is also an increased risk that Crohns disease suffers will develop colorectal cancer (bowel cancer). Diagnosis The patient has to go through many tests to be able to be diagnosed with Crohns disease. If one test was carried out, it wouldnt be reliable because other diseases or problems may arise when taking the test.Blood test can be carried out, this can show if there is any inflammation, infection and anaemia. Anaemia is a when a person has an iron deficiency, meaning if they have too much or too little iron in their blood. Stool sample, which can be assayd for blood, mucus and parasites, such as round worm. A colonoscopy is when Colonoscopy the doctor inserts a long, flexible tube called a colonoscope, into the anus and slowly guides it through the rectum and into the colon. The colonoscope inflates the large intestine with carbon dioxide gas this gives the doctor a better view.A small camera that is on the end of the colonoscope sends a video image from inside the large intestine to a computer screen this allows the doctor to carefully examine the intestines. Treatments Crohns disease is a condition that cannot be cured, but appropriate treatment can help control the inflammation and manage the symptoms. Diet and nutrition management can help patients control their symptoms and i mprove their nutritional levels. The patient can take many types of medication to resolve symptoms and prevent disease developing any thither.Some medications dont work for everyone with Crohns disease. Most patients with severe Crohns disease eventually need surgery when medications and diet and lifestyle changes no longer help. Medication The purpose of the medication that is positive(p) by the doctor is to reduce the inflammation that activates the signs and symptoms that occur. They are also to improve the patients long term life, by reducing and limiting the complications that could occur. The drugs that the patient could be given are Anti-inflammatory drugs these drugs are often what are given to the patient first.Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) this drug isnt always effective for treating Crohns disease. It may help to reduce the inflammation of Crohns disease that affects the colon. This medication has many side effects, including tiredness, vomiting, heartburn and headache. Mes alamine (Asacol, Rowasa) this medication is normally taken when the disease is affecting the large intestine, as it is ineffective for the disease that is effecting the small intestine. This medication has some side effects include tiredness, vomiting, heartburn, diarrhoea and headache. Corticosteroids can help reduce inflammation anywhere in your body.The doctor will not give the patient this medication if they dont have to as it has numerous side effects, including a puffy face, excessive facial hair, darkness sweats, sleeplessness and hyperactivity. Some more serious side effects include high blood pressure, diabetes and osteoporosis, which is also known as brittle bones, causing fractures in bones. If the medication is taken by younger people it can lead to underdeveloped growth. They only use this medication if the symptoms and the inflammation are moderate to severe. They will only use it none of the other medications respond. Corticosteroids are not for long-term use.But, th ey can be used for around three to four months. Immune system suppressors are drugs that also reduce inflammation they target the immune system rather than directly targeting and treating the inflamed area. This drug is sometimes used combined with other drugs such as a combination of Sulfasalazine and Mesalamine has been shown to work better than just taking the drugs alone. Surgery Surgical procedures include strictureplasty, resection, colectomy, and proctocolectomy. During a strictureplasty, the surgeon guides an inflated balloon attached to a catheter through the intestine.If the balloon encounters a restricted area, it may indicate there is a narrowing in the intestine. To open up the blocked area, a cut is made lengthwise along the intestine. The cut is then sewn up in the opposite direction, which has the overall effect of widening the embarrass area without removing any electric organs. If there is more than one obstructed area it may be treated during one surgery. Resect ion is where they take part of the infected organ away from the body. A colectomy is a procedure that sees the colon being removed from the body, either partially or fully.Proctocolectomy is the surgical removal of the rectum and all or part of the colon. Bibliography Website What is it for http//www. nhs. uk/Conditions/Coronary-heart-disease/Pages/Diagnosis. aspx Coronary heart disease Diagnosis http//www. nhs. uk/Conditions/Coronary-heart-disease/Pages/Symptoms. aspx Coronary heart disease Symptoms http//www. nhs. uk/NHSEngland/NSF/Pages/Coronaryheartdisease. aspx Coronary heart disease- treatments http//pennstatehershey. adam. com/content. aspx? productId=10pid=10gid=000103 Crohns disease

A Case study of Intel Essay

IntroductionIn this case, Ive studied the globally cognise semiconductor maker, which is the Intel. The purpose of the study is to analyze the objectives and strategies use by Intel, SWOT analyzing and discuss major issues or riddles that the company faced.AboutIntel Corporation is the biggest semiconductor manufacturer in the world and has changed the global marketplace radically since it was founded in 1968. The first handheld calculators and PCs (Personal Computers) were developed through the innovation of Intels microprocessors. In the early 70s increased competition from Japanese semiconductor manufacturers had dramatically reduced the profitability of this market this made Intel to shift the companys focus to microprocessors.From the posthumous 80s until the late 90s Intel had a 10-year period of unprecedented growth as the primary hardware supplier to the PC manufacture, supplying microprocessor to IBM. Intels return line of Pentium processors had break down a household name. Today at least 80% of Intels processors are used in PCs globally. Their product line consists of chipsets, motherboards, flash memory used in wireless discourses, networking devices, laser printers, industrial machinery, and cellular phone base stations.MissionDelight our customers, employees, and shareholders by relentlessly delivering the platform and technology advancements that become substantial to the way we work and live.ValuesCustomer OrientationResults OrientationRisk TakingGreat Place to WorkQualityDisciplineObjectivesExtend our ti technology and manufacturing leadership Deliver unrivaled microprocessors and platformsGrow profitability worldwideExcel in customer orientationMajor issues and Problems1. Dust would contaminate the circuits during manufacturing. eventIntel developed clean rooms for watch overing dust out of the process. RecommendationI agree with the decision of the company to develop clean rooms. promptly that they already have these rooms, they c an now have a product that would work 101% at its outdo for the consumers. .2. Etch circuit lines on silicon wafers, without having the etched lines fracture and break as the water was heated and cooled repeatedly during the manufacturing process.SolutionTo dope the metal oxide with impurities, making it less brittle. Intel subsequently went to some lengths to keep this aspect of the manufacturing process secret from competitors for as long as possible. RecommendationIntel is so intelligent and optimistic for its products. With this problem at that time I am pretty sure only Intel thought of this wonderful solution. With this, the challenge now is to maintain this technique or process to constantly produce quality products.3. Intel underestimated Japanese threats in terms of technology which resulted to dropping off DRAM one of their flagship product.SolutionIntel did not risk investing a new fabrication mental quickness at a cost of $600 million that might affect the operation of its other products especially the microprocessor. RecommendationIntel shouldve been more than conscious and aware of the possibilities and facts that new entrants and competitors allow always be a threat for the company. With its decision, it is kind of frustrating for the fact that the DRAM was once the best innovation and product of Intel. But the company left field with no choice but to exit the DRAM business. I wouldnt risk my other products to get affected by this mistake.4. The company exited its struggling communication chip business. The workforce was cut by 20,000, while costs were reduced by $3 billion.SolutionThe company did not lose sight of the regard to produce processors for mobile devices. In mid-2008, Intel introduced a new line of low-power consumption chips called atom. Intel has also been making moves into the graphics chip business. RecommendationPersistence and pers eerance for your product should always be present in the company. I just commend Intel for b eing so flexible and how quick they are in satisfying the ever changing demands of the consumers.StudyKey success factors for IntelManagementIntel placed top priority on their people, and encouraged openness, fairness, and responsibility, Intel was able to take full advantage of its workers.MistakesThe more or less talented and brightest people that were employed were given leverage when mistakes were made so that they would be encouraged to develop breakthrough technologies.Hard WorkMoore and Noyce refused to shy outdoor(a) from their inexperience and being willing to do what work they needed. Also admitting their limitations, they were able to seek out qualified employees to help build the company.CompetitionThey learned that the dis cut through to entrepreneurial success was by being in a constant state of awareness and fear of your competitors, entrepreneurs can become proactive instead of reactive, seizing new opportunities as they present themselves instead of letting them pass them by.ExclusivityBy specializing and focusing on a niche market, Intel was able to not only brook out from the crowd, but to become market leader in the industry.Competitive AdvantageExpertise in ManufacturingHighest standards in high-quality clean productionThe company invests considerable sums in R&D and manufacturingIt designs quality productsIt is able to leverage its manufacturing capability. This means it can increase production to bring product to market in bighearted volumes. Increasing volume and getting the product onto the market as quickly as possible are important elements in creating and maintaining a competitive advantage. It has a regular cadence (or rhythm) to the study of new products or improvements to existing onesAnalysisSWOTStrengthsIntel is a globally recognized bulls eye name and has hygienic brand loyalty from its consumers.Intel was the pioneer in microprocessors for PCs and memory devices.Intel is a global technology corporation and the world slargest producer of semiconductor chip, based on revenue.Intel at once has around 80% of the microprocessor market share whereas AMD has roughly 17% of the market.Intel distinguished itself from a commodity like go under and established itself as the brains of the computer industryWeaknessesIntel has been accused of using divisive strategies in defense of its market position against its competitors.Intel had uses its market dominance to unfairly stifle competitionSince 2000, Intel could not maintain the position as the dominant supplier of microprocessor in the industry.Retail prices are higher compared to competitors.Opportunities ware development and markets penetration in the existing markets is also a reliable opportunity.Advancement in technology also provides the opportunity to offer new products.Offering more diversification with their products in related and unrelated business such as security devices, broadband and cellular industry.Backward and forward integration may reduce the cost, improve the quality and service.ThreatsAdvancement in technology obsoletes the manufacturing facilities and products. The strong price war is going on between PC producers.Many competent PC makers are using inferior performance ICS. changing customer taste and preferences along with the reduction in brand loyalty is a major threat.Currency changeability in different countries create problem for the business of the company.The company is facing strong competition to sustain its market share.Intel Corporation is facing strong political instability, regulation and tariffs in different countries.Product specialization of Intel can become a big threat. Having a limited product line Intel runs the risk of being forced out of the market by a better product.The fast development of cell phones and other mobile gadgets can perform the same tasks as PCs and is having a major negative fix on the PCs market.ConclusionTechnology StrategyIntel began in memory production and deve lopment in 1968Competition with Japanese firms with larger economies of scale reduced Intels market share (see functional map of Intels DRAM market share) Intels development of the microprocessor (first designed in 1970) led to more and more R&D being assigned to this branch of the company Technology strategy change came from the middle of the company, DRAM was still pursued from senior managements perspective until 1986 Microprocessor development allowed Intel to sustain its revenue increases In 2001, Intel produced microprocessors with integrated Wi-Fi In early 2000s, Intel invested heavily in semiconductor production facilities to achieve overwhelming economies of scaleAlso in early 2000s, Intel launched several products into non PC markets for their semiconductor technology, most of which were unsuccessfulIntels technology strategy has changed from a focus on DRAM, to a focus on microprocessors, and then on to heavily specialising in the field of microprocessors to achieve overw helming productivity that has enabled Intel to sell their logic products at competitive prices to companies producing things other than PCsProduct/ commercialise StrategyAggressive marketing strategy in 1980 (Project CRUSH) coincides with IBMs entry into the PC market, this repeats with Project CHECKMATE to secure more IBM contracts Intels primary emptor shifts to Compaq in 1986 because IBM would not commit to 80386, Intel can effectively play the big buyers (see functional map of buyers revenue) against each other, Intels higher revenue (see functional map) suggests more power lies with IntelIntel Inside marketing strategy to engage with the end user in 1990 lead to big gains in revenue 1990-1995 (see functional map of Intel revenue) veritable pricing strategy to increase premium on new chip designs to reduce demand when production was being ramped up, this extra profit also helped to cover start-up costs (see functional map, price of different processors) Marketing strategy move d away from PCs in late 1990s, early 2000s as the prices of semiconductor products came down diversify buyers as Intel produces chips for different types of products, e.g. phones, TVs, communications equipmentIntels product/market strategy has changed from having buyers only in the PC industry to having buyers in many different industries that rely on semiconductor products. Its current efforts are to increase its market share in these non-PC areas.Development GoalsDevelopment goals from 1968 to early 2000s remained constant, be the first to market with the best product This goal was not achievable in DRAM, but was achievable in microprocessors Practically, the development of the company had shifted towards the logic side of the business before the semiofficial stance changed, so Intel was well positioned to take advantage of conditions within the industry (using clever marketing and buyer manipulation) to emerge as the star player As the PC market for semiconductors matured, othe r industries opened up that required logic, in the early 2000s Intel was trying to develop into a supplier for many different industries, and in some cases selling directly to consumers Intels goals have changed from dominating the PC semiconductor industry to diversifying their products and buyers to participate in more markets.Bibliography and Referenceshttp//news.softpedia.com/news/Intel-Says-Its-Back-With-a-Vengeance-66998.shtmlhttp//news.softpedia.com/news/Intel-s-Branding-Plans-Desconspired-12675.shtmlhttp//www.docstoc.com/docs/61656370/Marketing-Strategy-for-Intelhttp//essaysforstudent.com/print.html?id=78018http//essaysforstudent.com/ line of descent/Intel-Pestel-Five-Forces-Analysis/75349.htmlhttp//www.zdnet.com/blog/computers/is-intel-pricing-itself-out-of-the-tablet-pc-market-with-new-atom-z670-processor/5271?tag=contentsearch-results-rivershttp//www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/bios/lcrone.htm

Democracy & sacred term Essay

Democracy is a sacred term associated with freedom. Freedom is an issue that has been fought for by a lot of nations worldwide. Freedom is a result of being independent, of possessing self-regard and dignity. Democracy is associated with freedom and vice versa. A true democracy is express to exist when the people of a refundn country ar not deprived of their rights to vote, to express their feelings with the use of proper channels and when they go off freely chose their leaders.The people sitting in government activity have a responsibility to its people, some curiously to those who argon oppressed and un evolved. It is often the case that during election time politicians gives out promises about the programs that they want to implement such as providing tuition for the poor. But, once these candidates are already proclaimed as winners they forget about their promises and do nothing about fulfilling them. there is an underlying reason for this and it is worse than what peo ple think.In most third world countries, the reality is that politicians do not exert too much effort in alleviating the plight of the poor be perform they are afraid to educate the poor or make them literate. When these voters become literate or have gained knowledge, they would be able to vote wisely and this would mean that some politicians would not be put into office. The votes of the poor are the only things that matter to them and most of the politicians do not have a real concern about these illiterate people.The result of illiterates equate to the number of votes by which a potential candidate can use for his candidacy. The poor or the illiterate are segments in society that candidates and politicians like would never give up on because they know that these people could help a lot in ensuring their success in elections. Thus, it can be said that on that point cannot be a true democracy if the people who compose the government are illiterate. (Bove, Carol. 2008. The Educa tional Theory of Jonathan Kozol. Retrieved from website http//www. newfoundations. com/ movement/Kozol.html). The reason for this is that these illiterate are deprived to choose the best people who would govern them. Education and knowledge are very grand tools to the success of a nation. A government which deprives its constituents of the prospect to learn cannot call themselves as living in a state of democracy. Instead, the opposite is true that without knowledge and rearing the government is destroying the lives of its people. The lack of education brings about many untold sufferings in a society and it is also the root cause of many problems.For one, the lack of knowledge or bang-up education is the cause of poverty. Poverty is the evil that destroys the lives of many because many people use this problem as an excuse to commit crimes. This is the reality that gives life to the quote given by James Madison saying A people who mean to be their own governors, must arm themselv es with the power knowledge gives. A popular government without popular information or the means of acquiring it, is but a prologue to a farce or a tragedy, or perhaps both. It is very important for any government that seeks to impose democracy to breath life and meaning to it.A democratic government should start by investing in the education of its people so that it can really be said that the former is a government for the people and by the people. The people and the government should work in concert if a true democracy really exists. The government should show that it is giving utmost importance to the participation of its people by taking into consideration the shadow of the latter in making laws, rules, or other important functions. Douglass and Kozol are both correct in their observations and opinions that the cost of illiteracy is high and the damage are enceinte.As already pointed out earlier, the problem on illiteracy deserves more consideration and in-depth study of how it would be addressed. An educated person is given endless possibilities in life to become the best that they can be, this privilege and opportunity is taken away from the illiterate who merely depend on what others tell them out of awe or desperation. Thus, these people who are illiterate are deprived of the freedom to live out their life as they please because they lack the knowledge on how to maximize their full potential.Kozol was correct in saying that democracy is a mendacious term when used by those who are prepared to countenance the compel exclusion of one third of the electorate since the educated and powerful people use the weaknesses of the illiterate to their advantage. The reality existing in society today is that good education is available only for those who can afford to pay for it. The government of the United States provide for free or low cost education which is not of good quality. Private schools in the country are very expensive thus the students enrolled t herein are given the best that money can buy.Although the state provides for in the public eye(predicate) education it is not as good as those being true by the students enrolled in private schools. Thus, there is an inequality at this level. The argument of Kozol that there should be a shift in the quality of education in that it should be made at par with those of private schools is within the concept of abuse neglect. In essence, pervert neglect wants to give out the message that there seems to be neglect in the quality of education being current by the students of public schools. There should be equal opportunity of education to be received by all.(Kozol, Jonathan. May 23, 2002. Malign Neglect. Retrieved on May 6, 2009 from website http//www. thenation. com/ atomic number 101/20020610/kozol. ) A high quality of education would help the government and the society to produce better individuals who can compete globally for the advantage of everyone concerned. The quote by Kozo l saying that This is the society which most of us did not create, but which our President and other leaders have been willing to sustain by virtue of malign neglect is very accurate because the problems on illiteracy and poor education has been in existence for a very long time.Therefore it is a great challenge today to try to change the way on how things are at present as a result of the mistakes committed in the past. But, it can be done. If only the government would cooperate and listen to the needs of the people, changes could be proposed and implemented for the good of the society. It is not impossible to educate the illiterate or to give quality world class education to all children. It is not unknown to many that a lot of countries worldwide have fought for democracy to the point of shake off thousands of lives to achieve freedom and independence.A country which calls itself as a democratic nation should live by the true meaning of the word democracy. There is true democrac y if the government is composed of people who were chosen by its people because they believe in their officials and not because they were lured by the latter to vote them as a result of false promises brought about by their illiteracy and poverty. Another aspect that deserves consideration is the need to upgrade the quality of education being received by students.There should be a proposal for the government to provide for an adequate budget for a good education for everyone without regard as to the fond status of an individual. Without these aforementioned criterias, democracy remains to be a word that exists only in theory. Reference 1. Bove, Carol. 2008. The Educational Theory of Jonathan Kozol. Retrieved on May 6, 2009 from website http//www. newfoundations. com/GALLERY/Kozol. html. 2. Kozol, Jonathan. May 23, 2002. Malign Neglect. Retrieved on May 6, 2009 from website http//www. thenation. com/doc/20020610/kozol.

Dialogue “Modern Attitude to Love and Marriage” Essay

* Hi, Lucy Do you know Johnny and I are getting married?* Oh, great I remember its about date. You pay been spiritedness together forfor * For 6 years.* Yes, for 6 years already. Im so happy for you, Sarah* And Im so happy for myself also* And are you passage to have a gorgeous man and wife ceremony?* No, Johnny and I are going to register our marriage at the Registry Office. No wedding ceremony, no veil and no bridesmaids.* I got it. But how could you force Johnny to marry you? I know he is supporter of free whop. * Yes, but as youve said before we have been reenforcement for 6 years already. He is used to my wishes and Im used to his habits. And after all he has calm down. * It means that hes not such philanderer as before, isnt he? * Im not sure enough but I hope.* Well, he is from the 90s coevals. And I think its the reason for all problems. * But the same I can say about you and about me. We belong to this coevals too. * Yes, but you know that men are to a greater extent light-minded in relations than women. Moreover, they are more inclined to be unfaithful. And talking about the 90s generationwell, I reckon its the most immoral and dissolute generation. * Partly youre right. Fidelity means nothing nowadays. But at the same time you have more freedom. For example, sex doesnt necessarily involve marriage. * You do see it, its better for men again. You know the majority of men dupet need the wedlock at all they are completely content to be free and to have sex with anybody. But women are more serious in relations, thats why all of them still want to be married by thirty years.* Yes, youre right of course. But at least there were some advantages as a result of the sexual revolution. For example you can have sex before marriage I think its a great freedom for everybody. * Well, its indisputable. As for me, so Im quite old-fashioned person. You know I want absolute fealty in my relationship. Its very important for me when my partner and I can t alk with each other, and its even insulting when my boyfriend fools around with anybody else. * I see. But I dont share your point of view. Im sure its necessarily to give some freedom to your husband. You pursuit yourpartner by resileing his freedom so strictly. Loving a person means allowing him to be himself.* Maybe youre right. In any possibility I consider that a steady relationship is based on trust, understanding and faithfulness. * Well, I wont make you change your mind. But if you, shadowy of your husband unfaithfulness, keep complaining, weeping and nagging, I can assure you your spouse will commit adultery with more probability. * Im with you here. Now I want to ask you about your future life with Johnnie. Have you decided already where you would live? * Dont you know that he has his own flat tire?* Really? Its awesome* Yes, he is a very independent, self-made man. Im so proud of him * Yes, young people stand on their two feet earlier today than they did in the past. I believe thats great. * Thats where youre right I reckon that young people should think about marriage only after they have become independent of their parents. * As for women, so Im sure they have to complete their education, embodiment labor force skills and develop career interests before getting married. * Too true. Actually its normal for the modern world, especially for urbanized countries that people tabularize marriage in order to build a career and make a fortune.* Unfortunately, there is the other side of the coin. These career interests may, in turn, motivate women to limit family size. Thats why we have such a low birth rate in all developed countries. * Oh, I agree entirely. Its too bad. Oh, I cant help worrying about our living together * Calm down and dont talk nonsense. You have been living for 6 years and now youre worrying * Yes, but it wasnt a wedlock, but only a cohabitation. * Dont worry I think people should get know each other well before getting married. And I believe your marriage will be winning and strong. * So do I. But anyway Im afraid that all these mere formalities and papers will spoil our relations.* If you really love each other then there is nothing to worry about. Sarah, when are you going to have a baby? Have you discussed already this question with Johnnie? * Oh, Im so happy that I have Johnnie He is just an ideal man. Besides, he adores kids. He wants to have a big family. Can you remember he wants to have four children, two girls and two boys * And what about you? You know childbearing spoils afigure. Do you want to put on weight and have cellulite?* Oh, I think its very silly to think about such trifles of life. You have only one life and Im sure you should devote your life to children. Ive had enough time for living it up. Now Im almost 27 and I want to give all my love to my children and my husband. * I see. Its such a wise decision. But as for me, so I wouldnt want to have so umteen kids. It will be enough to have only two children. But also Id like to adopt an orphan child. * Really? Its very brave of you.* Yes, I really want to love and raise a child, which was deprived of motherly love. And whats your parents attitude to your forthcoming marriage. * You know my florists chrysanthemum considers immoral to live with the man under the same roof if hes not your husband. And my father is the opponent of the common-law marriage. * So they must be really delighted with this news.

Rainbow’s end-belonging

Relationships and experiences kind an individuals instinct of belong Belonging means the paper of being part of something where you are accepted without compromise, conditions or limitations. Relationships with people around ones environment and experiences done ones life puddle a sacrosanct connection to general anatomy an Individuals sense of belonging. The play Rainbows End by Jane Harrison demonstrates that relationships and experiences affect Individuals to shape their sense of belonging.Relationship between females usually has a great Influence on shaping Individuals sense of belonging. In the play, Rainbows End, It Is shown by contrasting Dolly and Errol. But A real home? A real home Is where there are people expression out for severally other In this part, Dolly pauses for a moment In which punctuation is used to indicate that she is confused and disagree with Errol. While Errol thinks the home is where he physically belongs, Dolly thinks the home is where her f amily belongs together. This difference refers to their cultural background.Aboriginals believe that they are all closely connect so that they always have to be together. However, Whites are usually individualists who just care about their own family thus they havent had to consider the place where they belong. Dolly and Rolls relationships with their own club has shaped their different perception about home. Furthermore, the play conveys that the sense of belonging can be divided by relationships people are involved. When Dolly goes to the miss Moorland-separator Ball, she is the only person who is an Aborigine. Thieve cooking at us, Dolly is an unwel fuck guest in the Ball between Whites. Then Nancy, who is also a White, says Love your dress, Dolly. Love your fabric with a giggle. L melodic theme we took them to the tip. sarcastically in a derogative tone. As the White is in higher placement than the Aborigine, they used to isolate and discriminate them in Australia even tho ugh originally Aborigines were living in Australia. In the same way, Dolly was insulted by Nancy Just because she wasnt belonging to the white but belongs to Aborigines.The Rainbows End emphasizes that the relationship In root word an have different sense of belonging to other groups and sometimes It does not get along together. An individuals sense of belonging can also be affect by the experiences they have had. Nan has a tight desire to go back to her hometown as she was obliged by the White to leave her hometown. They forced us to leave. Forced us to leave Counterargument. Our home. By repeating forced us to leave, Nan exposes her strong sense of resentment towards Whites. Nans sense of belonging Is reinforced through this experience.The more she has got forced, the more she Is offensive about her family. Gladys used to admire the white society and had strong desire to fit in there. The QUEEN pulls her into a hug. The lights come back to reality. Gladys is holding a bunch o f weeds. The weed is the symbol of poorness which is her reality. She had many daydreams. However, by experiencing the rejection from the bank manager, the blocked out from the Queens visit and the isolation from lodging problem, she begins to realism that the Whites would not accept her the Aborigines.So she starts to approach to the reality and consider the way to change. We demand the decent to make our own decisions. Finally, Gladys makes a speech in the petition, represents the learning of indigenous voices. The experience has changed Gladys sense of belonging more respectfully. According to the relationship and experience, individuals can shape ones sense of belonging. This is well demonstrated in the play, Rainbows End. Relationships can have an influence on shaping ones sense of belonging and can be divided into each group. Also the experiences make changes or strengthen ones sense of belonging.Rainbows end-belongingRelationships and experiences shape an individuals sens e of belonging Belonging means the idea of being part of something where you are accepted without compromise, conditions or limitations. Relationships with people around ones environment and experiences through ones life have a strong connection to shape an Individuals sense of belonging. The play Rainbows End by Jane Harrison demonstrates that relationships and experiences affect Individuals to shape their sense of belonging.Relationship between females usually has a great Influence on shaping Individuals sense of belonging. In the play, Rainbows End, It Is shown through contrasting Dolly and Errol. But A real home? A real home Is where there are people looking out for each other In this part, Dolly pauses for a moment In which punctuation is used to indicate that she is confused and disagree with Errol. While Errol thinks the home is where he physically belongs, Dolly thinks the home is where her family belongs together. This difference refers to their cultural background.Aborigin als believe that they are all closely related so that they always have to be together. However, Whites are usually individualists who just care about their own family thus they havent had to consider the place where they belong. Dolly and Rolls relationships with their own community has shaped their different perception about home. Furthermore, the play conveys that the sense of belonging can be divided by relationships people are involved. When Dolly goes to the Miss Moorland-separator Ball, she is the only person who is an Aborigine. Thieve cooking at us, Dolly is an unwelcome guest in the Ball between Whites. Then Nancy, who is also a White, says Love your dress, Dolly. Love your fabric with a giggle. L thought we took them to the tip. sarcastically in a derogative tone. As the White is in higher status than the Aborigine, they used to isolate and discriminate them in Australia even though originally Aborigines were living in Australia. In the same way, Dolly was insulted by Nan cy Just because she wasnt belonging to the white but belongs to Aborigines.The Rainbows End emphasizes that the relationship In group an have different sense of belonging to other groups and sometimes It does not get along together. An individuals sense of belonging can also be affected by the experiences they have had. Nan has a strong desire to go back to her hometown as she was obliged by the White to leave her hometown. They forced us to leave. Forced us to leave Counterargument. Our home. By repeating forced us to leave, Nan exposes her strong sense of resentment towards Whites. Nans sense of belonging Is reinforced through this experience.The more she has got forced, the more she Is offensive about her family. Gladys used to admire the white society and had strong desire to fit in there. The QUEEN pulls her into a hug. The lights come back to reality. Gladys is holding a bunch of weeds. The weed is the symbol of poorness which is her reality. She had many daydreams. However , by experiencing the rejection from the bank manager, the blocked out from the Queens visit and the isolation from housing problem, she begins to realism that the Whites would not accept her the Aborigines.So she starts to approach to the reality and consider the way to change. We demand the right to make our own decisions. Finally, Gladys makes a speech in the petition, represents the development of indigenous voices. The experience has changed Gladys sense of belonging more respectfully. According to the relationship and experience, individuals can shape ones sense of belonging. This is well demonstrated in the play, Rainbows End. Relationships can have an influence on shaping ones sense of belonging and can be divided into each group. Also the experiences make changes or strengthen ones sense of belonging.

Managing A Business Event Essay

Managing a business proceeds can be one of the just to the highest degree exciting and challenging tasks that you pass on get the chance to typeicipate in. It requires you to bring together many different skills and roles, and will fleet you the opportunity to multi-task, which is a scrap for even the most experienced business number organiser.OrganisingThe first part of organising an solvent is finding the venue where the core is going to take place. The venue will set the scene for the type of event that is going to happen and will lure whether or non race want attend the event. It will withal admirer to identify the costs that will be involved.Catering whitethorn overly be an important aspect of organising an event. The type of catering whitethorn influence where you decide to hold an event. A three-course lunch is most likely to need a hotel with facilities whilst sandwich delivery may have less strict event location requirements.Planning the different elements of an event will require you to think more or less the timings of the event, what you need to order and when. It is important that facilities, such as a salutary system or projector, be reserved or hired as soon as it is known they will be needed. You will learn in more detail about these aspects of the role in the section on planning an event.Setting up the programmeThe programme is the list of what is happening at the event and the order in which it is happening. It guides the organisation of the event and will be apply by attendees. The programmes quality and content will friend to guide peoples interest as well as give them an outline of what is going to happen during the day. The programme will also give details of any special guests, speeches, entertainment, prize-giving or unloose gifts that might be part of the event. Sometimes a guest speaker may encourage more people to attend and this will need to be highlighted in the programme.There be a variety of different types of programme that may be used for an event. These may include programmes that have various activities that attendees can select from or programmes where everyone is following the identical structure for the event.The length of time for the event will also influence the programme. All-day events need more time for people to travel to the event and for coffee and lunch breaks. Events that take place over a few eld may require arrangements for accommodation including breakfast.Preparing and distributing supporting documentsMost events require some form of hard copy or soft copy that can be distributed. For environmental and cost reasons, soft copies are often preferred. Sometimes documents may be supplied on a USB stick or in a free wallet or bag that is given out by the event organiser. Often promotional items include advertising material for the organiser to give them level best publicity and raise awareness of the organisation.The main documents that might be needed for an event are listed in Table 18.2. A number of different documents may be needed to support an event. These may be more traditional paper documents or early(a) methods that organisations are increasingly using such as websites with a secure username and password, email or social networking websites to distribute information about events.There are also a number of other documents that may be produced that are not given out to attendees. These are used by the organisation to monitor and track the progress of the event, for example, a risk opinion or a budget plan.Organisational proceduresOrganisations will commonly have a set of procedures that they follow for events, and these procedures will change depending on the size of the organisation, the type of event that is taking place and who is involved.Current legal requirementsThere are a number of important legal requirements that need to be considered when organising an event. These include contractual, health and sentry go and age requi rements.Most legal requirements are covered by a contractual agreement that will be agreed either verbally or in writing. The contract sets out the offer and prices for the individual elements of the event including* venue* catering* insurance* advertising/promotion.Separate agreements can be made with outside suppliers and may include those used for booking a hotel venue or hiring equipment.The Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 ensures that the event organiser is supplied with goods and services as part of a contract it also protects suppliers and customers. The Act sets out requirements for ticketing that protect some(prenominal) the event organiser and attendees, and also protects consumers from faulty equipment. There is more information about contracts, agreements and consumer protection in Unit 21.There are stringent health and safety requirements for events. Risk assessments will highlight any issues found whilst organising an event and help the organiser take steps to r educe the likelihood of anything untoward happening. More specific requirements for health and safety can be found later in this unit.Finally, any event that is organised needs to meet age requirements. For example, at a music event or festival, it must be ensured that young people are aged 18 or over if they are going to buy any alcohol or tobacco products that are on sale. have in mind that any event must take place within the law and steps must be taken to avoid any problems.Limits of the roleAn event organiser must consider the levels of authority that come with the role. Knowing what you can and cannot do is very important. For example, at some events the event organiser may not have the authority to sign a contract for services or they may not have the authority to make the final decision as these decisions may ultimately be the duty of their line manager. An event organiser may also work with other individuals or groups who need to make decisions about the event, which means that any decisions have to be shared by the group rather than be taken by a single person.Time circumspectionThe role of an event organiser involves multi-tasking which means that good time management is an important quality for the job. Good time management means that you focus on what is important and keep everything on track. The most common time management mistakes made are* wasting time doing activities that are not relevant to the event, such as checking personal emails* waiting for someone else to do something before organism able to progress on another aspect of the event* not universe organised, e.g. spending time looking for paperwork or going over tasks that you have done before.Problem solvingThere are few events that do not have any problems at all. To help the event run smoothly the organiser will need to have already thought about what mathematical problems might occur and have made contingency plans. For example, if the event is to include computer presentations or DVDs the organiser may want to check the services provided at the venue and also take along their own lap top and projector as a back-up. Some problems cannot be anticipated therefore quick mentation is necessary and good event organisers have this quality and are able to sort out solutions.NegotiatingNegotiating skills are essential for any event organiser. Negotiating, unlike other types of communication, is not about making demands or threatening people,it is about trying to get to what is known as a win win situation where both parties are happy with the outcome. It may be necessary to negotiate prices on contracts to try to get the best possible deal, which is particularly important if the event is being done on a budget. Negotiating may also be used to ask for something that is not usually possible, for example, a particular type of catering or entertainment that may be more difficult to provide than usual.PlanningThe main role of an event organiser is to ensure that every thing goes to plan so that the event is a success. Planning does not just include the event itself, it also needs to take into account other events that are happening around the same time. Too many similar events happening in the same week may result in poor attendance at your event.The time of division will also influence the planning of an event. When planning an event, the organiser needs to think about the following.* Whether the event needs to be inside or outside. It is usually more appropriate to run outside events in the summer.* Whether the event is linked to a particular festival or tradition. If so, it will need to happen at the same time.* Whether the event depends on other factors such as supplies that are only available at certain times of year or are cheaper in a particular month to save costs.

Foreign Exchange of Ibbl

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTORY PART admittance rip of the Report Scope of the hear Objective of the study Methodology Limitation of the study CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTORY PART 1. 1 Introduction Bangladesh is adept of the largest Muslim countries in the World. The people of this country atomic number 18 deeply committed to Muslim way of life as enshrined in the Holy Quran and the sunnah. Natur aloney, it remains a deep cry in their paddy wagon to fashion and design their frugal lives in accordance with the precepts of Islam.The strengthenment of Islami curse Bangladesh exceptional on March 13, 1983, is the true reflection of this inner urge of its people, which started operation with effect from March 30, 1983, . It is committed to conduct wholly beaching and enthronisation activities base on divert free and profit-loss sharing system. In doing so, it has unveiled anew skyline and ushered in a new silver lining of hope towards materializing a long cherished drems of the peopl e of Bangladesh for doing their coasting transactions in line with positive by Islam.With the active co-operation and partitionicipation of Islam Development brim (IDB) and some other Moslem buzzword , financial institutions ,g every empowernment bodies and eminent personalities of the Middle East and the disjunction countries , Islami aver Bangladesh Limited (IBBL) has by now earned the unique position of a croaking private commercial Bank in Bangladesh. 1 2 1. 2 Origin of the Report Compliant with the rule of the BBA Program, it is mandatory for a student to intern in an organization, in order to be acquainted with the real practices.Banking work in todays world is going rapidly. Bank deals with diversified work. Here, m two things keep back to learn quickly which later helps to build cargoner decision. So, I had selected Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited for the internship. The topic of my study is Different Modes of investing of IBBL on Mirpur tree branch 3 4 1. 3 S cope of the Study BBA course curriculum necessitates for discriminating the stranding system of each bank. No economic standard give the sack run with verboten banking system or whatsoever other financial institutions.My study is Different styles of investiture of IBBL on Mirpir subsection is a relevant and core of Banking vexation. Without this c at oncern bank can non think of its business and existence. I have worked at Pallabi Branch of IBBL. The opus covers plan overview of IBBL, its carrefours services the report covers brief overview of IBBL, its products services, operating activities financial position, performance analysis, different types of modes puzzle situation, performance analysis and tog up analysis of IBBL. 1. 4 Objectives of the study The objectives of this report be To know about Muslim banking system in Bangladesh. To know about different modes manufacturing of coronation of Islami Bank Bangladesh limited. ? To study the performance of different modes of coronation of Islami bank Bangladesh limited. ? To identify the problem of Islami Bank Bangladesh limited. ? To make sngation. 5 1. 5 Methodology This report has been prep ard on the basis of experience gathered during the limit of internship form 19th April to13thjun. Within this period I visited three department namely normal Banking, enthronement silver and irrelevant Exchange departments. Section Duration working(a) Day General Banking From /08/2011 to /08/2011 Investment From /08/2011 to /08/2011 Foreign Exchange From /08/2011 to /08/2011 A. Sources of Data The report is prepared by using twain primary and secondary data. ) Primary Sources A lots of the required culture came from primary sources. These sources are o Face to face conversation with the officers military officers of the usual banking, Foreign Exchange & Investment naval division of Mirpur Branch, capital of Bangladesh have been interviewed. o Practical desk work o Relevant file study as provided by the concerned officer o In deepness study of selected cases. o Maintaining diary. ii) minute of arcary sources Conceptual parts of the report have been collected by studying different literatures regarding credit appraisal system.Some of these secondary sources are ? Different Circulars issued by the Head Office and Bangladesh Bank ? Different Investment Manual, published by IBBL. ? Annual Reports 2010 of IBBL. ? www. islamibankbd. com ? Newspaper information on several(prenominal) days ? Audit Reports. ? Relevant books, Newspapers and Journals. B. analytic thinking of Data Some arithmetic and graphical tools are used in this report for analyzing the collected data and to classifying those to learn them cl early. 6 1. 6 Limitations of the study Islami banking system is different than the traditional banking system It is very difficult to analyze this issue without comely knowledge about Moslem banking and economy. As it is not conventional so it continues so me complexity to belowstand. Some speech are in Arabic terms that make it difficult. It is sentence overwhelming to differentiate & understand interest & profit. CHAPTER-2 ORGANIZATIONAL PART Background Definition of Islamic Economy Islamic Banking History of Islamic Banking Goals & Objectives of Islami Banking Essential Features of an Islamic Bank Distinguishing Features of Islamic Banking against technical Banking Brief Description of the IBBL tutelage Vision Aims and Objectives Functions of IBBL Structure of the organization CHAPTER-2 ORGANIZATIONAL PART 7 2. 1 Background Islam is a sleep together way of life, and Allahs Guidance ext dyings into all ambits of our lives. Islam has pre reason detailed regulations for our economic life, which is match and fair.Muslims are to recognize that wealth, earnings, and material well(p)s are the property of Allah and we are scarce his trustees. The patterns of Islam aim at granting a just society wherein everyone leave behave responsively and honestly. The Quaranic concept is ground upon sovereignty of Allah overall. He is the source of income for human beings. The Almighty provides whatever man possesses to him. Allah is the sustainer of human beings, animals and other beings. It is his desire to whom he gives more than and to whom he gives less. 2. 2 Definition of Islamic Economy a) Islamic Economics is that sort out of knowledge, which helps realize human well being through an allocation and distri saveion of scarce resource that is in conformity with Islamic teachings without unduly curbing soul freedom, or creating continued macro-economic and ecological imbalances- By Omar Chapra (b) Islamic Economics is the science of how man uses resources and means of production to study his worldly needs according to a predetermined code given by Allah in order to achieve the greatest fairness- By Princes Muhammad Al-Faisal Saud. 2. 3 Islamic BankingIn the late seventies and early eighties, Muslim countries were awoken by the emergence of Islami Bank which provided interest free banking facilities. at that place are currently more then 300 interst free institutions all over the world. Islami Bank now a days not only operate in almost Muslim countries but have extended their wings to the western world to serve both Muslim and non Muslim countries. In case of Islami Banking the establishment of Mitghamar Local Savings Bank in 1963 is said to be a milestone for modern Islami Banking can nevertheless be traced back to the birth of Isalm.Definition of Islami Banking An Islami Bank is a financial institution whose statutes, rules and regulations expressly state its commitment to the principles of Islamic sharia law and to the banning of the receipt and pay of interest on any of its operating. According to OIC 2. 4 History of Islamic Banking During Sumerian, Babylonian and Mesopotamian civilization, temples gave loans to states and individuals and accumulated much wealth prompting various councils to issue decrees. City of Mecca was complex and heterogeneous place, where clan and tribal community were involved in interest based loans.Prophet and his companions were to introduce Arabs to Islam. There is evidence to indicate that the increase of Islami Banking started from the time of Prophet. Four revelations of Al-Quran specificlaimy dealing with interest are milestone which later shaped the operational aspects of the Islami Banking system. There are numerous Hadiths relevant to banking which bring inly prohibits Muslim from accepting or paying riba. The only known organized financial institution originated during prophet was the Baitul Mal, which involved in state income, expenditure and development purpose.Evidence indicates that the two sons of Chaliph Umar were given loans from Baitul Mal which they used on their way back to Madina for trading and consequently earned profit. Caliph declared it as Mudaraba and affiancen half profit for Baitul Mal against involved capital. 2. 5 Goals & Objectives of Islami Banking (a) Establishment of an Interest frees financial system. (b) Ensuring justice to both suppliers of parentage and user of fund. (c) Encouraging & patronizing entrepreneurship. (d) Creating employment. (e) Bridging up the gap amid the surplus and deficit of fund. (f) Development of a healthy capital and bullion grocery store. g) Providing various services and utilities to the public. (h) Development of standard of living. (i) Maintaining justice and equity at all level of transaction. (j) Swishing over to mass banking from class banking. (k) Alleviating Poverty through Zakat & profit sharing micro- pay. 2. 6 Essential Features of an Islamic Bank a) bulwark of Interest The traditional capitalist banking system depends of interest for providing loans and pays interest for taking loans. The spread between these two interests is the source of its profit. nevertheless according to Islamic Shariah all types of in terest is banned.So Islamic Bank does not carry on business of interest and it completely avoids the transaction of interest. b) Investment Based on acquire After departing from interest, the alternative ways of income for Islamic Bank are investment and profit. Thus Islamic Bank gives up any transaction of interest and makes investments based on profit. Bank distributes its profit to its getors and shareholders. c) Investing in Halal Business Islamic Shariah has banned the business of haram goods. For example Islam not only forbids the drinkable of alcohol but also banned any business of alcohol.Therefore Islamic Bank does not get any haram business and only do proper business. d) Halal Paths and Procedures Islamic Shariah also reject any haram path or process any case of a halal business. Therefore Islamic Banking system only allows the halal path procedures of Halal business. 2. 7 Distinguishing Features of Islamic Banking against Commercial Banking (a) Risk Sharing No pred etermined rate of return. Sharing end result of the business. Mudaraba loss is entirely borne by the Shahib-al-Maal. (b) Emphasis on productivity not on credit worth Dominant consideration no on collaterals. Emphasis on soundness of the project. (c) Moral Dimension Islamic value oriented system. Full compliance of Shariah. No finance for wine/tobacco/casino/pork production or trading. (d) Equity Justice to all parties. Riba is unjust. (e) Allocative efficiency Productive of the project. Finance goes to high productive project even if credit worthiness is lower. (f) Stability of the Banking System Mudaraba & Musharaka Mechanism ensures stability. (g) harvest-home Promotes Innovation. Entrepreneurship Development. 2. 8 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE IBBL Bangladesh is one of the largest Muslim countries in the world.The people of this country are deeply committed to Islamic way of life as enshrined in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah. Naturally, it remains a deep cry in their hea rts to fashion and design their economic lives in accordance with the precepts of Islam. The establishment of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited on March 13, 1983, is the true reflection of this inner urge of its people, which started functioning with effect from March 30, 1983. This Bank is the first of its kind in Southeast Asia. It is committed to conduct all banking and investment activities on the basis of interest-free profit-loss sharing system.In doing so, it has unveiled a new horizon and ushered in a new silver lining of hope towards materializing a long cherished dream of the people of Bangladesh for doing their banking transactions in line with what is prescribed by Islam. With the active co-operation and participation of Islamic Development Bank (IDB) and some other Islamic banks, financial institutions, government bodies and eminent personalities of the Middle East and the Gulf countries, Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited has by now earned the unique position of a leading pri vate commercial bank in Bangladesh. 2. 9 MissionTo establish Islamic Banking through the introduction of a welfare oriented banking system and also ensure equity and justice in the field of all economic activities, achieve balanced growth and equitable development through diversified investment operations especial(a)ly in the priority firmaments and less development areas of the country. To encourage socio-economic enlistment and financial services to the low income community particularly in the rural areas. 2. 10 Vision IBBLs vision is to always tense to achieve superior financial performance, be considered a leading Islamic Bank by reputation and performance. The banks goal is to establish and manage the modern banking techniques, to ensure the soundness and development of the financial system based on Islamic principles and to become the strong and efficient organization with highly motivated professionals, working for the benefit of people, based upon accountability, transp arency and integrity in order to ensure the stability of financial systems. The bank forget try to encourage savings in the form of direct investment. The bank will also try to encourage Investment particularly in projects which are more likely to lead to higher employment. 2. 1 Aims and Objectives To conduct interest-free banking. To establish participatory banking instead of banking on debtor-creditor kin. To invest on profit and risk sharing basis. To accept deposits on Mudaraba & Al-Wadeah basis. To establish a welfare-oriented banking system. To extend co-operation to the poor, the helpless and the low-income group for their economic enlistment. To play a vital role in human development and employment generation. To contribute towards balanced growth and development of the country through investment operations particularly in the less developed areas. To contribute in achieving the ultimate goal of Islamic economic system. 2. 12 Functions of IBBL The IBBLs has number of Functions, they are as follows 1. General banking ? Account Opening Section ? M. S. B, M. S. S, Hajji Section ? P. O, T. D. R, D. D, T. T Section ? hard bullion in Section ? Clearing House Section ? Transaction Entry Section 2. Foreign Exchange Section ? Activities for importer ? Activities for exporter ? Collecting and sending foreign remittance 3. Investment Section ? Activities for importer ? Activities for exporter ? Collecting and sending foreign remittance 2. 13 Organization Structure of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited pic pic CHAPTER-3 MODES OF INVESTMENT IN IBBL Introduction Investment constitution of IBBL Investment Strategy of IBBL Investment Modes of IBBL Mode invigorated investment arena brisk Analysis Special Investment Schemes of IBBL CHAPTER-3 MODES OF INVESTMENT IN IBBL 3. 1 Introduction Islamic Bank does not invest in loans and intractable interest securities. It can invest in ordinary share only while interest based bank can invest in loans and d ifferent kinds of securities.Islami Bank establishes and participate projects with its thickening as a partner and bears the risk along with the knob on a proportionate basis. Besides, other conventional banks sometimes finance projects but do not bear risk. Finally, the concept of Islamic Bank is to establish on egalitarian society based on principles of social justice and equity. Whereas traditional banks pay a fixed interest on savings, time deposit and grant loans with interest for any purpose. We have gathered the fact that investment management is the theme of IBBL. The bank takes deposits and invests the same based on the profit-loss sharing.Bank go for the investment mainly which are long term and profitable in nature. IBBL also give high concentration on the investment that will generate more employment. As investment is one of the most priority areas for the IBBL, so it needs to cautious in investment decision. To ensure proper investment IBBL always go with in-depth stu dy before making the investment. So in the next phases we are going to demonstrate the way IBBL follow the manage investment. 2 Investment form _or_ system of government of IBBL Investment policy of Islamic Bank and non Islamic bank are amply different.The investment policies of Islami bank Bangladesh limited are given follows To invest fund strictly in accordance with the principles of Islamic Shariah. To diversify its investment portfolio by size of investment, by sectors (public & private), by economic purpose, by securities and by geographical area including industrial, commercial & agricultural. To ensure mutual benefit both for the Bank and the investment-client by professional appraisal of investment proposals, judicious sanction of investment, close and constant management and monitoring thereof. To make investment keeping the socio-economic requirement of the country in view. To increase the number of potential investors by making participatory and productive investm ent. To finance various development schemes for poverty alleviation, income and employment generation with a view to accelerating sustainable socio-economic growth and upliftment of the society. To invest in the form of goods and commodities rather than give out cash money to the investment clients. To encourage social upliftment enterprises. To shun even highly profitable investment in fields forbidden under Islamic Shariah and are harmful for the society. The Bank extends investments under the principles of Bai-Murabaha, Bai-Muazzal, Hire Purchase under Shirkatul Meelk and Musharaka. The Bank is making sincere efforts to go for investment under Mudaraba principle in near future. 3. 3Investment Strategy of IBBL Most of the cases investment strategy of Islamic Bank and interest-based bank are contradictory. The investment strategies of Islami Bank Bangladesh limited are given below ? To check exodus of investment clients. ? To induct new investment clients. ? To induct good inve stment clients of other Banks. To enhance existing limits of good investment clients. ? Extension of investment transport sector. ? Extension of investment to backward as well as forward linkage industries. ? Extension of investment to real soil Sector. ? Extension of investment to Jute sector particularly for trading and export purpose. ? Strengthening supervision, control and monitoring mechanism. ? Training and motivation of manpower to handle increased and different volume of investment s. ? To give due consideration to high risk, high return and low risk, low return investment proposals. Adaptation of modern technology 3. 4 Investment Modes of IBBL IBBL invests its money in various sectors of the economy through different modes permitted by shariah and approved by the Bangladesh Band. The modes of investment are as follows pic A. Bai-Mechanism (Trading mode) Bai-Murabaha Bai- murabaha may be defined as a contract between a briber and a vender under which the sells certai n specific goods (permissible under Islamic shariah and the law of the field) to the buyer at a constitute plus agreed profit payable in cash or on any fixed future data in lump sum or by installments.The marked up profit may be fixed in lump sum or in percentage of the cost price of the goods. Important features ( It is permissible for the client to offer an order to defy by the bank particular goods deciding its specification and committing him to buy same from the bank on murabaha, i. e. cost plus agreed upon profit. ( It is permissible to make the foresee covert upon the client to purchase from the bank, that is, he is to satisfy the promise or to indemnify the damages caused by breaking the promise without excuse. It is also permissible to take cash / collateral security to guarantee the implementation of the promise or indemnify the damages. ( Stock availability of goods is a basic condition for signing a Bai-murabaha promise. Therefore, the bank moldiness(prenominal) purchase the goods as per specification of the client to acquire ownership of the same before signing the Bai-Murabaha agreement with the Client. ( After purchase of goods the Bank must bear the risk of goods until those are actually exchange and delivered to the Client, i. e. after purchase of the goods by the Bank and before selling of those on Bai-Murabaha to the Client buyer, the bank bear the consequences of any damages or defects, unless there is an agreement with the Client releasing the bank of the defects, that means, if the goods are damaged, bank is liable, if the goods are defective, (a defect that is not included in the release) the Bank bears the responsibility. ( The Bank must deliver the specified Goods to the Client on specified date and at specified place of delivery as per Contract. ( The bank shall the goods at a higher price (Cost + profit) to earn profit.The cost of goods sold and profit markup therewith shall separately and clearly be mentioned in the Bai-Mur abaha agreement. The profit Mark-up may be mentioned in lump sum or in percentage of the purchase/cost price of the goods. But, under no circumstance, the percentage of the profit shall have any relation with time or expressed in relation with time, such as per month, per annum etc. ( The price once fixed as per agreement and deferred cannot be further increased. ( It is permissible for the bank to authorize any third party to buy and receive the goods on Bank behalf.The authorization must be in a separated contract. Bai-Muajjal Bai-Muajjal may be defined as a contract between a buyer and seller under which the seller sells certain specific goods permissible under Islamic Shariah and law of the country to the buyer at an agreed fixed price payable at a certain fixed future date in lump sum or within a fixed period by him as per order and specification of the buyer. Important feature I. Bank is not bound to declare cost of goods and profit mark-up separately to the client. II. Spot delivery of the item and payment is deferred. III.The bank transfers ownership and possession of the goods to the client before receipt of sale price. IV. Client may offer an order to purchase by the bank any specified goods and committing himself to buy the same from the Bank on Bai-Muajjal mode. V. It is permissible to make the promise binding upon the client to purchase from the bank. That is, he is either to satisfy the promise or to indemnify damage caused by breaking the promised. VI. Cash /Collateral Security should be obtained to guarantee the implementation of the promise or to indemnify the damages. VII.Mortgage / plug /Cash Security may be obtained before / at the time of signing the agreement. VIII. Stock and availability of goods is a pre- condition for Bai- Muajjal agreement. The responsibility of the bank is to purchase the desired goods at the disposal of the client to acquire ownership of the same before singing the Bai-Muajjal agreement with the client. IX. The Ba nk after purchase of good must bear the risk of goods until those are actually delivered to the client. X. The Bank must deliver the specified goods to client on the specified date and at specified place of delivery as per contract.XI. The Bank may sell the goods at one agreed price, which will include both the cost price and the profit. XII. The price once fixed as per agreement and deferred cannot be further in increased. Bai-Salam Bai-Salam may be defined as a contract between a buyer and a seller under which the seller in advance in the certain commodity/products permissible under Islamic Shariah and the law of the land to the Buyer at an agreed price payable on execution of the said contract and the commodity products to the buyer at a future time in exchange of an advance price fully paid on the spot.Importance Features Bai-salam is mode of investment allowed by Islamic Shariah in which commodity/product can be sold without having the said commodity (ies)/product(s) either in existence or physical/constructive possession of the seller. If the commodity /product are ready for sale, Bai-Salam is not allowed in Shariah. Then sale may be done either in Bai-Muajjal mode of investment. Generally, Industrial and agricultural products are purchased /sold in advance under Bai-Salam mode of investment to infuse finance so that product is not hindered due to shortage of fund/cash.I. It is permissible to obtain collateral security from the seller client to secure the investment from any hazards vis non-supply of supply of commodity (ies)/product, supply of low quality commodity (ies)/ product(s) etc. II. It is also permissible to obtain mortgage and /or personal guarantee from a third party as security before the signing of the agreement or at the time of signing the agreement. III. Bai-salam on a particular commodity (ies)/product(s) or on a product of a particular field or farm cannot be affected. IV.The seller (manufacture) client may be made agent of the bank to sell the goods delivered to the bank by him provided a separated spot agreement is excuted between the bank and the client (agent). B. Share mechanism Mudaraba It is a from partnership where one party provides the funds while the other provides the expertise, labor and needed business activities. The first party is called the Sahib-al Mall and the letter referred to at the Mudarib. Any profits accrued are shared between the two parties on a pre- agreed basis, while capital loss in exclusively born by the partner providing the capital.Important features i. Bank supplies capital as Sahib-Al-Mall and the client invest if in the business with his experience. ii. Administration and management is maintained by the client, iii. Profit is divided as per agreement. iv. Bank bears the actual loss alone, v. Client can not take another investment for that specific business without the permission of the Bank. Musharakah The term Shirkat and Musharaka have been derived from Arabic words Shairk ah and Sharika The word shirkah means a partnership between more than one partner.Thus the word Musharaka and Shirkat means a partnership established between two or more partners for purpose of a commercial venture participated both in the capital and management where the profit may be shared between the partners as per agreed upon ratio and the loss. If any incurred, is to be borne by the partners at per capital/equity ratio. In this case of Investment, Musharaka meaning a partnership between the Bank and the Client for a particular business in which both the Bank and the Client provide capital at an agreed upon ratio and manage the business jointly.Share the rent as per agreed upon ratio and bear the loss, if any in proportion to their respective equity. Bank may move itself with the selected Client for conducting any Shariah permissible business under Musharaka mode. Important features Bank and client both supply capital Unequally/equally Profit is divided as per agreement and actual loss is divided as per equity. Client will maintain all accounts aright bank or its agent may verify or audit it. Banks can advice the client in such a business in respect of the business. Investment client will normally run and manage the business. The Bank shall take part in the policy and decision making as well as overseeing (supervision and monitoring) the operations of the business of the Client. The Bank may appoint suitable personal(s) to run the manage the business and to maintain books of accounts of the business property. As the investment client shall manage the enterprise, the Bank may pay more share of profit to him than that of his proportionate capital contribution. Loss, if any, shall be shared on the basis of capital ratio. C.Hire Purchase under Shirkatul Melk Hire Purchase under Shirkatul Melk is a Special type of contract that has been developed through practice. Actually, it is a discount of three contacts i. Shirkat ii. Ijarah and iii. Sale These m ay be defined as follows i) Shirkatul Melk Shirkat means partnership. Shirkatul Melk means share in ownership. When two or more persons supply equity, purchase an addition, own the same jointly, and share the benefit as per agreement and bear the loss in proportion to their respective equity, the contract is calledShirkatul Melk contract. ii) IjarahThe term Ijarah has been derived from the Arabic words (Air) and (Ujrat) which means consideration, return, wages or rent. This is really the exchange value or consideration, return, wages, rent of service f an asset. Ijarah has been defined as a contract between two parties, the Hiree and Hirer where the Hirer enjoys or reaps a specific service or benefit against a specified consideration or rent from the asset owned by the Hiree. It is a hire agreement under which the Hiree to a Hirer against fixed rent or rentals hires out a certain asset for a specified period. iii) SaleThis is a sale contract between a buyer and a seller under which the ownership of certain goods or asset is transferred by seller to the buyer against agreed upon price paid / to be paid by the buyer. Thus, in Hire purchase under Shirkatul Melk mode both the Bank and the Client supply equity in equal or unequal proportion for purchase of an asset like land, building, and machinery, transport etc. Purchase the asset with that quit money, own the same jointly, share the benefit as per agreement and bear the loss in proportion their respective equity.The share, part of portion of the asset owned by the bank is hired out to the client partner for a fixed rent per unit of time for a fixed period. Lastly the bank sells and transfers the ownership of its share/part/portion to the client against payment of price fixed for the either gradually part by part or in lump sum within the hire period or after expire of the hire agreement. 3. 5 Mode wise investment 3. 5. 1 Mode wise investment performance The mode wise investment performance of IBBL overall and the selected area is outlined below (Fig. are in million) Modes 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Bai-Murabaha 23522. 92 31138. 88 41731. 48 51822. 28 59465. 08 73833 HPSM 14131. 48 18065. 10 23344. 46 30046. 89 39399. 18 50201 Bai-Muajjal 4965. 76 5512. 13 5735. 29 5917. 18 6921. 37 6546 Purchase and Nego. 1865. 26 1801. 33 2416. 64 3179. 81 4846. 62 11040 Quard-E-Hasana 1298. 19 1765. 65 1694. 32 1966. 13 1974. 20 1955 Bai-Salam 407. 08 610. 27 807. 14 641. 44 905. 61 1153 Mudaraba 52. 00 103. 00 102. 00 50. 00 50. 00 50 Musharaka 37. 2 12. 13 27. 13 20. 42 12. 95 143 integrality 46279. 71 59008. 49 75858. 46 94644. 15 113575. 01 144921 3. 5. 2 Percentage of the mode wise investment for the years (In Tk %) Modes 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Mean Bai-Murabaha 50. 83 52. 77 55. 01 55. 34 52. 5 50. 95 52. 875 HPSM 30. 53 30. 62 30. 78 32. 09 34. 69 34. 64 32. 225 Bai-Muajjal 10. 73 9. 34 7. 56 6. 32 6. 09 4. 52 7. 4267 Purchase & Nego. 4. 03 3. 05 3. 19 3. 40 4. 27 7. 62 4. 26 Quard-E-Hasana 2. 81 2. 99 2. 23 2. 10 1. 74 1. 5 2. 2033 Bai-Salam . 88 1. 04 1. 06 0. 68 0. 80 0. 79 0. 875 Mudaraba . 11 . 17 . 13 0. 05 0. 04 0. 03 0. 0883 Musharaka . 08 . 02 . 04 0. 02 0. 01 . 10 0. 045 3. 5. 3 Division wise investment of IBBL for the years (Amount in Tk) Division 2009 2010 Dhaka 72637666426 91473695824 Chittagong 19020120156 25609818224 Khulna 8336566722 12605186181 Rajshahi 10129510794 11572609603 Barishal 990277259 1077373472 Sylhet 2460929772 2581926291 Total 113575071129 144920609595 3. 5. 4 Mode wise investment performance of Mirpur Branch (In Lac Tk) Modes 2007 2008 2009 2010 2008 (up to july 31 ) Bai-Murabaha 2551 3432 4521 5072 4815 HPSM 4821 5906 6627 6531 6155 Bai-Muajjal 243 720 857 807 797 QTDR 259 139 197 211 303 Musharaka 46 00 7 7 00 Baisalam 00 78 136 133 100 Others 94 175 337 483 499 Total 8014 10450 12682 13244 12669 3. 5. 5 Percentage of the mode wise investment of mirpur branch for the years (In Tk %) Modes 2007 2008 2009 2010 2008(up to july 31 )Mean Bai-Murabaha 31. 83 32. 84 35. 65 38. 30 38. 00 38. 54 HPSM 60. 16 56. 52 52. 26 49. 31 48. 58 58. 22 Bai-Muajjal 3. 3 6. 89 6. 76 6. 09 6. 29 6. 34 QTDR 3. 23 1. 33 1. 55 1. 59 2. 39 2. 20 Musharaka 0. 57 0. 00 0. 06 0. 05 0. 00 0. 15 Baisalam 0. 00 0. 75 1. 07 1. 00 0. 79 0. 79 Others 1. 17 1. 67 2. 66 3. 65 3. 94 2. 86 3. 5. Sector-wise investment performance of IBBL (Amount in million Tk) family Comml Industrial Agriculture Real State Transport other Total 2005 17534. 07 19692. 68 2350 3581. 72 1851. 32 1270. 30 46280. 61 2006 20467. 76 24480. 21 2235. 29 5204. 18 2475. 11 4144. 94 59007. 49 2007 26877. 02 35593. 03 3537. 17 5785. 11 2472. 46 1593. 77 75858. 56 2008 29284. 21 46063. 51 6445. 67 6813. 0 2975. 12 2061. 94 93644. 15 2009 28983. 80 62642. 10 5890 8357. 80 2722. 40 4978. 97 113575. 07 2010 43877 78788 6485 8588 2656 4527 144921 3. 5. 7 Sector-wise investment performance of Pallabi Branch Amount in Lac TK Year Comml Industrial Agriculture Real State Transport Other 2007 2667 1002 000 3404 398 543 2008 3520 1790 000 4189 393 567 2009 5385 2582 000 3570 376 769 2010 5132 2591 000 4324 401 796 2008(up to july 4867 2362 000 4196 337 907 31) Mean 4706. 4 2253. 14 0. 00 4294. 47 415. 64 781. 53 3. 6 Sector wise Analysis i) Analysis of investment under Commercial SectorGraphical representation of investment under Commercial Sector is as follows Branch 2007 2008 2009 2010 2008 Mean Mirpur 2667 3520 5385 5132 4867 4269. 6 From table and above graph we find that, the honest investment in commercial sector is satisfactory. In 2006, 2007 amount of money investment under commercial sector was too much favorable. It is so much good for the company. So overall the commercial investment of the bank is satisfactory. ii) Analysis of investment under Real Estate SectorGraphical representation of investment under Real Estate Sector is as follows Branch 2007 2008 2009 2010 2008 Mean Mirpur 3404 4189 3570 4324 4196 4294. 47 / From table and above graph we find that, the average investment under Real Estate Sector is Satisfactory.. It is so much good for the bank. So overall the Real Estate investment of the bank is satisfactory. iii) Analysis of investment under Transport Sector Investment under Transport Sector is as follows Branch 2007 2008 2009 2010 2008 Mean Pallabi 398 393 376 401 337 415. 64 From table we find that, the average investment in transport sector is not satisfactory. It has declined in recent years. Where the watchfulness is necessary by the bank. iv) Analysis of investment under Industrial Sector Investment under the Sector is as follows Industrial Branch 2007 2008 2009 2010 2008 Mean Pallabi 1002 1790 2582 2591 2362 2253. 16 From table we find that, the average investment in agricultural sector is increasing. In recent years the investment situation under this sector is satisfactory. v) Analysis of investment under Others Sector Investm ent under Others Sector is as follows Branch 2007 2008 2009 2010 2008 Mean Pallabi 543 567 769 796 907 781. 53 From table we find that, the average investment in others sector is the most satisfactory. The trend was then going to the upward since 2007. vi) Growth rate of total investment of Islami Bank Pallabi Branch (Amount in 000TK ) Branch 2007 2008 2009 2010 2008(Upto July 31) Pallabi 851900 1149725 1431864 1532342 1461006 Growth rate of Total credit shows the positive or negative tendency of people to collect their fund from the respective institutions. The higher the growth rate of total credits the best for the organization and its profitability. From the table mentioned above it is found that, the highest growth rate of total credit shows in 2008. It is so good for the organization. vii) Profit and Investment of several year of Pallabi Branch Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2008(upto july) Total Investment 851900 1149725 1431864 1532342 1461006 Investment Income 68058 89288 1 39411 156624 89834 Profit on IBG A/C 62187 74987 124616 161790 88554 Net Invst Income 130245 164275 264027 318414 178388 viii) Profit and Investment proportionality Total Profit received on Investment Profit and investment ratio = * 100Total amount of investment Figures in 000 Tk Branch 2007 2008 2009 2010 2008 Mean Pallabi 15. 29 14. 29 18. 44 20. 78 9. 99 17. 19 Here in the above two graph we see that the profit and investment ratio of the IBBL is in average position. ix) Distribution of Investment by Sectors (Public & Private) (M= Million Taka) Year IF Public Sector Private Sector Total % Amount % Amount 2008 71912 5 3596 95 68317 71912 2009 86295 5 4315 95 81980 86295 2010 103554 5 5178 95 98376 103554 That investment distribution in private and public sector both are more effective for any country. But the Islami bank distributes the maximum investment in private sector because it earned comparatively more profit from private sector. x) Distribution of Investments by Areas (Rural & Urban) (Amount in Taka) Year Rural Urban Total % Amount % Amount 2009 8. 68 9862235033 91. 32 103712836096 113575071129 2010 7. 86 11386885036 92. 14 133533724559 144920609595 From the above table it is found that Islami bank invested the maximum money in urban area. Because maximum entrepreneur and business man stay in urban place. However maximum organization established in urban area. i) Distribution of Investments by Areas (Rural & Urban) of Pallabi Branch Total investment of Pallabi branch is in Urban areas. There is no rural investment. xii) Distribution of Investments by sector(private & public) of Pallabi Branch Total investment of Pallabi branch is in private sector there is no public sector investment. xiii) Distribution of country wise Investments of IBBL Year Within Bangladesh Foreign country Total % Amount % Amount 2009 100 113575071129 0. 0 0000 113575071129 2010 100 144920609595 0. 00 0000 144920609595 3. 7 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. SPECIAL INVESTMENT SCHEMES OF IBBL CHAPTER-4 SWOT Analysis Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats 4. 1. 2. 1. CHAPTER-4 SWOT Analysis 4. 1 SWOT Analysis of IBBL SWOT Analysis is used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats in a business. It is a methodology used to aid strategical planning that gained popularity during the 80s. It involves specifying the objective of the business or project and identifying the internal and external factors. 4. 2 StrengthAfter analyzing the present market condition, IBBL got the following strengths, which will be favorable to us to launch our business. Honest and reliable employees All of the employees of IBBL are honest and reliable. They are always devoted themselves to the works for better services. offend Quality of Services The IBBL will run profitable business by providing first-rate banking services in a caring, upscale, professional environment. More funds for investment For equal to(predica te) financial ability they can provide loan to more investment clients. Appropriate Organizational Structure IBBL has the appropriate organizational organize. Organizational structure will be developed by the local and foreign expertise. 4. 3 WeaknessThe weaknesses of IBBL are as follows. Inaduquate Human Resource IBBL does not have an adequate human resource management so that it has to encounter about their employees as well as recruitment. It does not develop HR department yet. So that it cannot properly train up to its employee and motivate its employees to give them reward. The ignorance of time value of money According to Islami Shariah the interest should be prohibited. In another word Islami economy does not take the time value of money into consideration. So IBBL does not consider time value of money though our country does not follow Islami economy. in arrears velocity of investmentThe velocity of investment of IBBL is very slow compared to other banks. It takes in exces s of time while investing in a project. 4. 4 Opportunities Looking at current marketing environment, the following opportunities of IBBL are being visible. More marketplace Share As Islami banking is a growing type of business in Bangladesh, IBBL has a great opportunity to capture a large amount of market share. Many Islami banks are turning their faces towards conventional banking to capture market share, but IBBL will not compromise with its quality. It will maintain strictly Islami Shariah and will provide the best service to its clients to capture market share. More Market GrowthIBBL has the better HR than any other banks in Bangladesh. Their strategy making and implementing will ensuring to achieve a large amount of market growth. 4. 5 Threats The following factors may occur as unfavorable phenomena for IBBL. Threat of New Entrants New entrants to an industry impose several threats to existing competitors. New competitors can void the market share of all participants by divid ing the pie into more pieces. They also may bring new technology or greater resources not available to present competitors and achieve a high market share position quickly to the detriment of all existing participants. So if any new entrants will be big threat for IBBL. Preference DiversityClients preferences can be the most acute threat to any company. It can change any times. If the consumers think that they should prefer any other services rather that for the ultimate comfort, it could be the worst danger to IBBL. Political Unrest Now-a-days political unrest becomes plebeian phenomenon in a nation as well as the whole world. World is place of intense political unrest. So, political unrest can be harmful for IBBL. Financial Risk Financial risk is the part of every business. Banks can increase the interest rate insurance company can withdraw more premium or competitor can offer services in lower price. Economic Change Changes in economic circumstances can be harmful for the IBBL. Personal income, savings, employment, and price level trends can have dramatic effects on the attractiveness of a firms products or services in payoff markets not only final markets, but intermediate markets as well. CHAPTER-5 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Analysis of finding problem Recommendations Conclusion Bibliography CHAPTER-5 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5. 1 Analysis of finding problem I have identified some problems and limitations in Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited while working in Mirpur-10 branch. For these problems IBBL cannot provide best services to its customers as well as customers are not getting ultimate service from IBBL. These problems are given follows ) Major Investment of IBBL is on commercial and Industrial sectors. ii) Minimum amount of investment is on agricultural sector. iii) IBBL always invest welfare oriented sectors. iv) Large portion of investment is invested by mode of Baimorabaha that is 53. 26%. v) Maximum amount of investment is in Dhaka divis ion. vi) Total investment of IBBL is increasing gradually. vii) No Islami money market is available. Easily money transaction is not possible without the Interest based banking system. viii) No Islami money market is available. Easily money transaction is not possible for the Interest based banking system. ix) IBBL cannot syndicate the other conventional banks. ) Lack of proper supervision. xi) Lack of stable economic condition. xii) Lack of skilled manpower. xiii) Inadequate legal framework. xiv) Unfavorable business environment. xv) Lack of opportunities for profitable investment. xvi) Political unrest. xvii) Customer service is not so much well. xviii) There is no sufficient and high bandwidth Internet connection available in the bank. So, bank cannot ensure better service for all Customers outward city. xix) Some few desks use obstacle instruments and take a huge time to accomplish a particular task. xx) It lacks workforce in general banking section. Employees are not that much motivated to work due to excessive workloads. xi) People still confuse IBBLs products to conventional banks. For example, people frequently call Mudaraba Special Savings (Pension) Scheme or MSS as DPS like conventional banks. xxii) In a beginning and ending day of the week, the flow of customer is so high so at time handling of the customer is so difficult and that show the lack of professional image. xxiii) The decoration system of the bank is not a planned way and the floor, furniture, other materials are not cleaned in a right way and every time so the working condition is not comfortable. xxiv) Sunday and Thursday is very gathering in account opening, cheque issue, cheque received and pay order. xv) Some purpose they provide cash loan to the clients, for example Hire Purchase under Shirkatul Melk Real Estate 5. 2 Recommendations Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited has achieved outstanding success during last twenty sixer years, but competition is being increased simultaneously. Lots of banks are being opened and many banks are opening Islami banking division. To survive as number one position IBBL has to do lots of things. Some of these are suggested below 1. IBBL should increase investment in agricultural sector because Bangladesh is an agricultural country. 2. IBBL should increase their investment in public sector because their maximum investment is in private sector. 3.Bangladesh is rural base country, So IBBL should increase their investment in rural area. 4. Operational cost should be minimized. 5. IBBL should try to improve the deposit investment ratio for higher productivity. 6. To decentralize the decision-making authority of the bank. 7. Modern method should be introduced for increasing management information system and accounting information system. 8. IBBL is allowed to determine the rate of profit on deposits and advance. 9. The productivity of the bank may be raised by better funds management and portfolio management improving recycling of funds a nd developing other income from the business activities of the bank. 10. Purpose oriented training program. 11.Encouraging development of positive and cooperative relationship between management and trade union. 12. Better industrial relationships participatory decision-making etc, is needed to improve the high productivity for the bank. 13. They should improve their customer service. 14. The branch should introduce fully computerized system as soon as possible to reduce time, labor and cost. 15. A large office space should immediately be allocated for this branch. 16. To operate General Banking operations smoothly, some people should immediately be appointed. 17. A prime location should be selected and interior designer should be hired in decorating office. 18. derive of office assistants should be increased. 19.Employees should be smooth behave with customer basically in account opening and convince them. Some other suggestions may be in brief ? Awareness programs can be arranged for the clients to have a clear view of IBBL products. ? Authorized employees should be monitored to be available at their located divisions ? Branches need to be 100% automated ? Online service should be every where ? Client selection should be cautious ? Overdue should be regularly monitored and minimized ? The information should be available about the investment products and their costs of fund ? Bank documents should be easy and clear to the clients 5. 3 Conclusion one time upon a time, most of the people didnt understand interest-free banking system.They never thought that it is possible to provide banking facilities without interest but in passage of time, now it is clear that in Islam there as a banking procedure though profit / less sharing basis. In course of time problems have reduced but not delaminated. This bank is trying to operate their activities according to Islami Shariah. If the Govt. becomes conscious to solve these problems and the banker become cordial and c ooperative, the problems may be reduced to a greater consummation The Gradual and successful globalization of Islami Banking coupled with growing awareness of the people about its financial and social benefits makes it clear that the next century is going to be the century of Islami Banking. It would be very difficult for them to survive as a number one position, if their service qualities remain constant.Big clients are switching to other bank for this reason bank is losing huge market share. They should pay more attention to big clients. It is also true that maintain Shariah and pay special attention to particular person is very difficult. Innovative product should be launched by Islami bank Bangladesh limited such as credit card, investment in education sector to cope with present situation. This project will help IBBL to get advantage over others. Special training should be given to employees to develop their behavior. 5. 4 Bibliography prexy VICE CHAIRMAN DIRECTORS EXECUTIV E PRESIDENT DEPUTY EXECUTIVE PRESIDENT EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENTSENIOR VICE PRESIDENTS VICE PRESIDENTS ASSISTANT VICE PRESIDENT Second Officer (Senior Principal Officer) Investment Department (Principal Officer) Foreign Exchange (Principal Officer) General Department (Principal Officer) Senior Officer Assistant Officer (GradeII) Assistant Officer (GradeI) Officer Senior Officer Officer Officer Probationary Officer Assistant Officer (GradeII) Assistant Officer (GradeI) Assistant Officer (GradeII) Assistant Officer (GradeI) managing director a) Bai-Murabaha b) Bai-Muajjal c) Bai-Salam d) Istishnaa a) Mudaraba b) Musharaka a) Hire Purchase b) Hire Purchase Under shirkatul Melk Bai- Mechanism Share Mechanism Ijara Mechanism